Green+Acres

flat =Team Members= Adam F Logan B

=DNA Extraction from Human Cheek Cells Lab= 1. The five elements that make up DNA are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. 2. The function of DNA from day to day is to direct the functioning within the cells of your body. 3. Long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell because they can wrap around proteins and fold back onto themselves causing them to coil into compact chromosomes. 4. The purpose of the cell lysis solution was to free DNA. 5. The DNA becomes visible once the alcohol is added because it will precipitate to the sports drink/alcohol interface. 6. Because DNA is so thin, we are able to see it in this simple lab exercise because even though chromosomal DNA is not visible to the naked eye, when it's extracted from multiple cells, the amassed quantity can easily be seen and looks like strands of mucous-like, translucent cotton. 7. DNA is referred to as your "genetic fingerprint" because your DNA is like no one else's in the world. 8. Some examples of how DNA is used every day is by scientists and lawyers in criminal investigation, paternity suits, cloning, etc.



=DNA Replication Model =

In DNA there are four base pairs, Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine. Adenine and Thymine always pair together and are known as purines. Thymine and Cytosine always pair together and there known as pyrimidines. DNA has a leading strand and a lagging strand. The first step for DNA replication in the leading strand is for the hydrogen bonds that hold the base pairs together to break using an enzyme called helicase. Next, in order for the strands to stay broken apart, single stranded binding proteins must attach to each strand. The third step is for an enzyme called Primase to attach to the strand to give the beginning of DNA replication a starting point. The last step is for the enzyme Polymerase to bind and begin to replicate the DNA. DNA also has to replicate in the lagging strand. In the lagging strand it follows the same first four steps as the leading strand goes through. The lagging strands way of replicating is a little different though. On the lagging strand are fragments of DNA called Okazaki fragments. The lagging strand needs Okazaki fragments in order to replicate because the DNA strand is not open yet. Finally, the enzyme ligase binds those fragments together. The lagging strand replicates in the opposite direction as the leading strand.

Replication occurs during a phase of mitosis known as **interphase.** Telomores are important in **aging** so their steady shrinking during each mitosis might impose a finite life span on the cell.
 * Important DNA Information:**
 * Telemores** attach to the end of DNA strands to keep them from reconnecting and coming back together.
 * Okazaki fragments** are fragments of DNA on the lagging strand that helps it replicate because the DNA strand is not fully open yet.
 * DNA ligase** is an enzyme that binds the okazaki fragments together and is the last step of DNA replication.
 * Telomerase** is an enzyme that lengthens the DNA strand for long periods of time.
 * Cancer cells** contain telomerase which allows the cells to divide continuously allowing tumors to grow.
 * Transplanted cells** is the process in which cells are removed from the patient, are transformed with the gene for the product that the patient was unable to synthesize, and then returned to the patient.
 * Cloning** results prove that when DNA strands are taken from either a younger or older sheep the strand is shorter.

=Genetics Infographic= Graph was done on Inspiration. By Logan Brooks http://www.flickr.com/photos/dachuckyb/4978967506/sizes/q/in/photostream/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/horiavarlan/4553306981/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/jonathanclark/437750047/sizes/q/in/photostream/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/horiavarlan/4658887231/sizes/l/in/photostream/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guitar_1.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hitchhiker%27s_thumbs.jpg

Graph done with Microsoft Word By Adam Ferko

=Medaka Infographic= Sources: Fish facts- http://animals.about.com/od/fishes/a/tenfactsfishes.htm

=Diaper Disection= Did you know that a diaper has 5 layers to hold a total amount of 221 mL of liquid? A lot of people don’t know that a diaper has 5 layers altogether, but it does. The first two layers feel as if it were a drier sheet. Each layer of this material can hold up to ½ mL for a total of 1 mL when combined. This is what holds the diaper together. The middle layer feels like sandy cotton and holds 52 mL. The fourth layer also feels like a drier sheet and can hold ½ mL. The last layer of the diaper feels sort of like plastic. It doesn’t absorb any liquids though. This layer is responsible for keeping the liquids from leaking out.