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flat =Members= Sam J Amber C Shania D Madison C

=Twig Lab= They both have 5 sections of bud scars which determines 5 years. The growth in length did not occur at the same rate. I know this because of the difference in precipitation which left different distances between each bud scar. 2 leaf scars are located at each node. Both leaf arrangement are alternate. 1 nobe is produces in each growing season for both twigs. Yes, the same number of nobes are produced in each growing season. For both twigs the leaf scars are the same, and the arrangements are different for both twigs. For both twigs some close and some are spread out. The function of the lenticels is the gas exchange.

=Thumb Wars= ==

=Monocot and dicot lab= A corn seed is a monocot. We found one endosperm or young seed in the corn seed. The outer pink ring appears to be the seed coat.
 * Corn Seed**

A bean seed is a dicot. We opened the been seed carefully with just our fingers. A corn seed can not be open like this because it has a hard outer seed coat. A split pea seed is a dicot because they are two separate lobes to the cotyledon. Monocots stems are Vascular bundles scattered while dicots stems are vascular in a ring. The Epidermis function is regulation of gas, absorption of water, protection against water loss by way of transportation, secretion of metabolic compounds.The Cortex job is transporting materials into the central cylinder of the root through diffusion, food storage in the stomach. The Xylem tissues brings water and minerals from root into the leaf. While the Phloem tissue carries food and glucose (sugar type). The Pith's job is to store and transport nutrients throughout the plant.
 * Bean Seed**
 * Split Pea Seed**
 * Stem Slides**
 * Monocot Dicot**

The difference between a herbaceous and woody stem? Herbaceous stem is a plant whose stem has little or no woody tissue and a woody stem is the stems of plants who have been growing for two years or more and has woody tissue. Two examples of Herbaceous monocots are corn and rice. Two examples of Herbaceous dicots are castor oil plants and sunflowers. (Resources: textbook, http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_rice_a_monocot_or_a_dicot_plant, http://library.thinkquest.org/3715/seeds.html) Two examples of woody monocots are the oak tree and the boxwood tree. Two examples of woody dicots are willows and roses. (Resources: http://www.treesolutions.com/tree-care/tips-to-manage-your-native-oak-trees/, textbook, http://home.manhattan.edu/~frances.cardillo/plants/angio/subwdic.html )
 * Herbaceous and Woody Stems**

= Life Lab =

**BEFORE**


 * AFTER **

Flask A changed because the before picture's test tube was darker and the after picture was lighter. This means the after tube has more acid (pH went down). Flask B changed from before to after because carbon dioxide got added through the tube which made the pH lower and the over all color of the molasses and H2O lighter. Flask C had the same result as Flask B but it also went though a sexual reproduction.

1.Why did the bromothymol blue change colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube?
 * Bromothymol blue changed colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube because his carbon dioxide helped indicated an acid.**

2. What does the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicate about the yeast?
 * The production of carbon dioxide gas in the yeast indicated that there was an acid present.**

3. How can you be sure that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast?
 * We can be sure that carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast because the yeast turned a lighter brown/yellow color, which happens when the bromothymol indicates an acid.**

4. What does the presence of buds indicate about the yeast?
 * The presence of buds indicates that the yeast reproduced.**

5. Why were more buds present in one of the mixtures?
 * More buds were presented only in flask c because it was the only one that reproduced. It reproduced asexually**
 * Asexual reproduction or budding is shown in the picture above.**

=**Onion Cell**= The picture above is an onion cell with cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane and cell wall labeled. Each cell is approximately 375 micros.

Questions: 1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the onion cells.
 * The onion cell have a rectangular shape and the cells are in rows of four.**

2. What happened to the cells when concentrated salt solution was added to the cells? Why do you think this happened? =**Cheek Cell**= The picture above is an cheek cell with cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane and cell wall labeled. Each cell is approximately 6.7 micros.
 * When concentrated salt solution was added to the cell it shrunk. I think this happened because of diffusion**

Questions: 1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the cheek cells.
 * The cheek cell is rectangular shaped and the cells are in rows of 3**

2.What was the purpose of adding the Lugol's iodine or Methylene blue to the slide?
 * The purpose of adding to Lugol's iodine or Methylene blue was the make the cells show up on the slide.**

=**Cell Transport**=


 * Before**




 * After**

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a higher water potential to a lower water potential through a concentration gradient and they diffuse. The potato slice that was in the salt tap water(beaker on the far right) went through osmosis. When the potato slice got put into the beaker with salt water in the potato slice acted as a hypotonic. Therefore the pressure decreased causing the potato to shrivel up. The potato slice's membrane also is selectively permeable so it let the water diffuse out which is also why it shriveled up. Diffusion is when a cell spreads widely into available space. When the bag with starch in it, "sausage" got put into the tap water with iodine(beaker in the middle)after a while the iodine turned the "sausage" purple. This happened because of diffusion. The starch didn't diffuse out into the water because it is to big. The bag of the with starch inside (sausage) is selectively permeable so it controls what can go in and out of the bag. Therefore is lt the water with iodine in but didn't let the starch out
 * Osmosis**
 * Diffusion**

=Plant cell modal=

.

= = =Cell Size=
 * Cube Size || Area of Cube || Volume of Cube || Surface Area to Ratio || Distance of Diffusion || Rate of Diffusion ||
 * 3x3x3 || 54cm || 27 cubic cm || 2:1 cm || .5 cm || .05 cm ||
 * 2x2x2 || 24cm || 8 cubic cm || 3:1 cm || .5 cm || .05 cm ||
 * 1x1x1 || 6square cm || 1 cubic cm || 6:1 cm || .5 cm || .05 cm ||

This is the agar cube cut into 3x3x3, 2x2x2, and 1x1x1. The colored outer layer is the sodium hydro oxide. The sodium hydro oxide showed how far it could diffuse. 3cm x 3cm x 6cm = 54 square cm
 * Surface Area**

2cm x 2cm x 6cm = 24 square cm

1cm x 1cm x 6cm = 6 square cm


 * Volume**

3cm x 3cm x 3cm = 27 cubic cm

2cm x 2cm x 2cm = 8 cubic cm

1cm x 1cm x 1cm = 1 cubic cm


 * Surface Area/Volume Ratio**

3cm cube: 54/27= 2:1 cm

2cm cube: 24/8= 3:1 cm

1cm cube: 6/1= 6:1 cm


 * Rate of Diffusion**

3 cm cube: .05/10= .05

2 cm cube: .05/10= .05

1 cm cube: .05/10= .05

Analysis:

1. Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half.
 * Compare**: All three of the cube’s diffusion rates were the same, which was .05 cm.
 * Contrast**: Even though the diffusion rate was the same the 1cm cube had no white space, the 2cm cube had a small of amount of white space, while the 3cm cube had much larger white space.

2. Which “cell”, seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell?
 * ANSWER:** We think that the 1 cm cell is the most efficient at getting outside substances into the cell because it was smaller and not as thick; this made the substance diffusion into the cell’s surface area the whole way into the middle. We think that the 3 cm cell is the least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell because it was bigger and thicker; this made the substance diffusion into the cell’s surface are not as far.

3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so?
 * ANSWER:** The surface area and volume (ratio) explains what we observed in the cell models. We think this because it help us understand why the 1cm cube had no white space left, the 2cm space had some white space left, and the 3cm cube had a lot more space left even though the diffusion rate was the same. In conclusion, it helped us understand that even though the cubes are different sizes the substances all went in a half of centimeter because the diffusion rate was the same.

4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis.
 * ANSWER:** If the cell is smaller, then the substance would go into it much easier than if the cell was bigger.

=Protists Lab=

The picture above is a //Belpharisma.// It is usually roughly egg- shaped, with a contractile vacuole without collecting channels. It reproduces by going through the four phases of binary fission. //Belpharismas// are filter feeders. []



The picture above is a //Euglena.// It is a unicellular protest. It is from a diverse group containing some 44 genera and at least 800 species. //Euglena// is a hererotroph. [] The picture above is a //Paramecium Multimicronucleatum.// They are the most commonly observed protozoans. //Paramecium Multimicronucleatum// are easily maintained and cultured. It is the largest species of the //Paramecium.// [] =Catalase Lab=

The picture above is of the reaction when room temperature hydrogen peroxide is added to the food. (The table at the bottom of the pictures shows the reactions out of 5; five being the most.)

The picture above is of the reaction when warm hydrogen peroxide is added to the food. (The table at the bottom of the pictures shows the reactions out of 5; five being the most.)

The picture above is of the reaction when cold hydrogen peroxide is added to the food. (The table below shows the reactions out of 5; five being the most.)


 * Reaction Times 1-5**

Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. 2 H2O2 --> 2 H2O + O2

What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common? Catalase belongs to the large group, Enzymes. All enzymes have the same formula, but no the same shape.

Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain. Catalysts are enzymes, which are not changed in reactions. They can be recycled to break down additional substrate molecules.

How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide? When the ground beef was added to the room temperature hydrogen peroxide it became a 3 out of 5 on the scale, when added to the warm hydrogen peroxide it was reduced to a 2. When added to the cold hydrogen peroxide, it stayed at a 2 just like the warm hydrogen peroxide. When the potato was added to the room temperature hydrogen peroxide it became a 2 out of 5 on the scale, when added to the warm hydrogen peroxide it stayed at a 2 just like the room temperature hydrogen peroxide. When added to the cold hydrogen peroxide it reduced to a 1. When the bean was added to the room temperature hydrogen peroxide it became a 1 out of 5 on the scale, when added to the warm hydrogen peroxide it increased to a 2. When added to the cold hydrogen peroxide it was reduced from the warm water hydrogen peroxide by 1 making it a 1. When the liver was added to the room temperature hydrogen peroxide it became a 4 out of 5 on the scale, when added to the warm hydrogen peroxide it reduced to a 3. When added to the cold hydrogen peroxide it stayed the same as the warm hydrogen peroxide, 3.

What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain If biomolecules like catalase become useless in an organism it will require more energy because it wouldn't have the enzyme to keep the energy level up. = How Many Drops of Water Can Fit on a Penny? = Observation: When we placed the droplets of water onto the penny, it slowly grew bigger because of the increase of the amount of water. It appeared as a bubble and then once it reached the maximum amount of water that the penny could hold, it broke and water ran out onto the table.

Water With Bubbles- Number of Pennies for each : Trial 1: 25 droplets Trial 2: 22 droplets Trial 3: 22 droplets Trial 4: 30 droplets Average: 24.75 (About 25) droplets

Water- Number of Pennies for each trial: Trial 1: 26 droplets Trial 2: 38 droplets Trial 3: 28 droplets Trial 4: 45 droplets Average: 34. 25 (About 34) droplets

=Light Intensity Activity= == The wavelengths are located on the left side of the table. When you look at the top you see the % of maximal ATP and the number of ATP. Like a multiplication table, you can pick a wavelength and a light intensity and follow the table to find the results. =Chromatography Lab=

The Rf is .82. We got this by measuring from the bottom line to the top of the yellow then divided by the measure of the top of the green from the bottom line. Yes all the leaves have the same pigment because they all traveled the same distance between the yellow and green.