Copernicus

= = flat =Members= Weaver Cielo Reichard Thompson Reed

1. 3 and 4 years 2. no 3. There is different weather each year, and different insects that are on the twigs. 4. There are 2 leaf scars at each node. 5. They are both opposite. 6. There are 3 and 2 per year. 7. yes and no 8. no they don't have the same number and yes they have the same arrangement 9. tiny, brown dots all over the place. 10. what lets in carbon dioxide and lets out the oxygen == =Monocots & Dicots= try to open another corn seed like you did the bean seed. Can you do it? Why or why not? Yes, you can open it the same way that you opened the bean seed. You can do that because it is almost the same thing.
 * Bean Seed:**

Can you find the young leaves inside the seed? How many are there? Which part of the seed do you think is the seed coat? The seed coat is the outer part of the seed. Yes we can find the leaves inside the corn seed, and there are 2 leaves inside the corn seed.
 * Corn Seed:**

Is this a monocot or a dicot? This is a dicot seed.
 * Pea Seed:**


 * Stem Slides**



1. What are the differences between monocot and dicot stems? Monocots have closed bundles because there is no more differentiation of xylem or phloem. The dicots remain open. 2. What is the function of each of these tissues? Xylem carries minerals and water up. Phloem carries sap down.

1. What is the difference between an herbaceous and a woody stem? List two examples that are monocots and 2 that are dicots for both herbaceous and woody stems. It's a plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the season. Two examples of herbaceous monocots are wild calla and moccasin flower. Two examples of herbaceous dicots are great ragweed and swamp milkweed. Two examples of woody stem monocots are
 * Herbaceous and Woody Stems**

[] [] []

=Thumb Wars Infographic=

=Living or Non-Living Lab=



Flask A is a faded yellow color with a small amount of yeast on top. Flask B has a dark coffee color the shows no signs of anything. Flask C is more of a caramel color and had yeast “explode” and turn the color to a lighter tea color. The blue colored liquid is Bromthymol Blue Indicator – will only be blue if you add a __base__ or a __neutral__ (7-14) If you add an acid (0-6.9) – it will turn yellow CO2+H2O à H2CO3



After 30 Minutes:

Flask A has no changes after a half hour. Flask B is a lighter color on top. Flask C turned the Brothymol Blue into a yellow color showing that it is an acid from releasing gasses. There are bubbles floating to the top of the caramel liquid.

Analysis/Conclusions:
1. Why did the bromothymol blue change colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube? Because it reacts to the Carbon Dioxide. 2. What does the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicate about the yeast? It shows that its a carbonic acid. 3. How can you **be sure** that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast? Because the bromothymol blue changed colors only when there was glucose //and// yeast. 4. What does the presence of buds indicate about the yeast? That it is living and produces carbon dioxide. 5. Why were more buds present in one of the mixtures? Because there is more food for the yeast to feed off of.

=Cheek Cells=

Questions: 1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the cheek cells.(2) Answer: They have a random arrangement and are rounded in shape.

2.What was the purpose of adding the Lugol's iodine or Methylene blue to the slide?(1) Answer: The Methylene blue on the slide is an indicator that makes the cells more visible.

It is 25 um in diameter

=Onion Cell=

Questions: 1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the onion cells.(2) The onion cell has a rectangular shape and is randomly arranged. Caption: 2. What happened to the cells when concentrated salt solution was added to the cells? (1) Why do you think this happened?(1) The membrane of the cell shrunk down. I think this happened because the salt absorbed the water. It is 93.75 um long. Caption: Iodine/Methylene blue helps indicate or show certain things and makes them easier to see.

=Cell Transport=


 * Before Picture:**


 * After Picture:**

Osmosis is the process in which a solvent passes through a semi-permeable membrane. The iodine being the solvent passed through the dialysis tubing (selectively permeable membrane) turning the starch black.

Diffusion is where one substance moves to another until equilibrium is reached. The plain H2O didn't achieve anything because there is already water in the potato. The salt water solution had a change in the potato because the salt was absorbed by the potato taking the water from inside it, killing it.

=Cell Model= Animal cell: Plant Cell:

=Protists Lab=
 * Euglena**



Euglena lives in fresh and brackish water. It has both plant and animal features. It has a star shaped cell at the rear end of its cell, which is basically orange in color and is called contractile vacuole. The size is 53.5 um. []


 * Paramecium**



Paramecium has the ability to eat 5,000 bacteria a day. It moves by spiraling through the water on an invisible axis. It is an oval, slipper shaped micro-organism, rounded at the front/top and pointed at the back/bottom. The size is 37.5 um []


 * Blepharisma**



Blepharisma is a common ciliate found in most any pond. Blepharisma lives in bright sunlit ponds it is usually colorless, and when exposed to an intense artificial light, the ping pigment emits a poisonous toxin that completely disintegrates the creature. []

=Cell Size=
 * Cube Size is measured by cm.**

__Analysis of Cell Size Lab__ 1. Compare and Contrast the 3 cubes after sliced in half.


 * Similarities: Each cube had the same rate of diffusion (.04 cm per minute).**
 * The area of the cube that the diffusion didn’t reach forms a square.**


 * Differences: The area of the cube that the diffusion didn’t reach (white part) differ in**
 * each of the cubes because of their size. And in the smallest cube the**
 * sodium hydroxide diffused the entire way to the center, so there wasn’t**
 * even any white remaining while in the other cells, there wasn’t enough**
 * time for the sodium hydroxide to reach the center of the cell so, the**
 * larger the cube, the more white space remaining in the center.**

2. Which cell seemed to be most and least efficient getting outside substances into the cell?


 * The smallest cube was the most efficient in getting outside substances to the center of the cell. The largest cube was the least efficient in getting outside substances to the center of the cell.**

3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so?


 * The calculation we used that explains what we observed in our cell models was volume was because the total volume of the cube was the variable that determined the efficiency of the cell’s ability to get outside substances to the center of the cell. The cube with the largest volume had the most difficulty getting substances to the center of the cell because it had more area for the sodium hydroxide to diffuse through; therefore, the largest cell had the least efficiency.**

4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis.**

The smaller the cell is, the greater the efficiency of getting outside substances to the center of the cell because the cell is smaller, so it takes less time for substances to make its way to the center of the cell.

=Catalase Lab=

1. Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.
 * 2 H2O2 ---> 2 H2O + O2**

2. What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common?
 * Proteins because their compositions consist of amino acids linked together, and they all act as catalysts to speed up the rate of chemical reactions (enzymes), plus they are also strong structural components.**

3. Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain.
 * Yes it is possible for biomolecules like catalase to be reused because enzymes continue working in their breaking down molecules in the substrate and are used several times until they can’t function properly due to denaturation which is caused by an increase in the temperature (heat).**

4. How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide?
 * For nearly all of the reactions, the least changes occurred when the substance was at room temperature, the most changes occurred at a colder temperature and the amount of reactions that were between the highest and lowest amounts occurred at a hotter temperature.**

5. What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain
 * If biomolecules like catalase become useless in an organism, it would result in it not functioning properly and the organism would die. This is because without the use of biomolecules, especially catalase, there are no catalysts to help chemical reactions occur fast enough for the organism to be able to function the right way. Reactions need to occur quickly and efficiently in organism for them to survive, so for this reason, death for the organism would eventually take place.**

=Water Droplets on Pennies= Soapy Water

Tap Water

Results: Soapy Water - First test; 17 droplets - Second test; 24 droplets - Third test; 36 - Fourth test; 34 - Average; 27.75 Tap Water - First test - 31; Second test - 40; Third test - 35; Fourth test - 47; Average - 38.25

=Light Intensity= Time: 30 seconds

=Chromatography Lab= Compared to other groups there are distinct differences in darker and lighter colors. The other group's pigment went farther up the paper. The colors in this pigment are yellow green, and light green. The RF factor is .54 cm.

The colors in this pigment are yellow green, and light green. The RF factor is 2/3 (.6667) cm.