Team+One-Boy

flat =Members= Jensen Zach Allie Nicole

=Thumb War Infographic= =Characteristics of Woody Stems= 1. Count the sections between each bud-scale scars and determine the age of your twig.
 * Our twig is 4 years old *Our twig is 13 years old

2. Has growth in length occurred the same rate each year?
 * No *No

3. Why?
 * The sections between each bud-scale scares are different lengths. Some years they grew more and some they grew a lot less. Temperature and climate could affect this *There is a difference in the distance between the bud scales. This could be because of the different amounts of rain, or the weather/climate.

4. Examine your twig and determine how many leaf scars are located at a node.
 * 2 leaf scars are at each node *There are 2 leaf scars at each node

5. Classify the leaf arrangement as opposite, alternate, or whorled.
 * Our twig's leaf arrangement is opposite *The twig is opposite because there are 2 per node, facing opposite sides of the stem.

6. Examine the twig and determine the number of nodes produced for each growing season (the space between two nodes is called an internode.)
 * 3 nodes are produced at each growing season *There are 4 nodes.

7. Is the same number of nodes produced each growing season?
 * Most have 3 but some have 2. *Yes.

8. Do all the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars and is the arrangement the same?
 * No, some have 5, 6, or 7. The arrangement seems to be the same though *They all keep the same pattern, but, there are different numbers of bundle scars on each leaf scar

9. Describe the form and location of the lenticels.
 * They are scattered around the branch *They are all over the place without a pattern, are all about the same size

10. What is the function of the lenticels?
 * The lenticels are for oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter the twig, and allow gases to be exchanged.*They let air pass through to interior cells.



=Monocots and Dicots Lab=

> > **Bean Seed:** > > **Split Pea Seed:** > > **Stem Slides-** > What are the differences between monocot and dicot stems? What is the function of each of these tissues? > The difference between a monocot and dicot stem is that a monocot is unbranched, doesn't grow thicker from year to year and has vascular bundles scattered all around in the stem. A dicot is usually tough,grows thicker from year to year, branched, and has vascular bundles arranged in a ring. These are the functions: > > **Herbaceous and Woody Stems-** > What is the difference between an herbaceous and a woody stem? List two examples that are monocots and 2 that are dicots for both herbaceous and woody stems. A herbaceous dies down at every growing season down to the soil and then grow again from the seed. A woody stem is always showing a stem above ground and doesn't break down at every growing season to which it has to grow again. This is what the bud scars shows on a stem.Two examples of herbaceous monocots are lilies and corn plants. Two examples of herbaceous dicots are tomatoes and marigolds. Woody dicot examples are pecan trees and maple trees. Woody monocot examples are the Bamboo tree and the Cuban Royal palm tree. > [] > [] > [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo] > [] > [][] > [] > [] > []
 * Corn Seed:**
 * 1) Answer the following: Can you find the young leaves inside the seed? How many are there? Which part of the seed do you think is the seed coat? I can see 1 young leaf inside the seed. I think that the small black line inside the young leaf is the seed coat. It is a monocot.
 * 1) Try to open another corn seed like you did the bean seed. Can you do it? Why or why not? No you can't do it. It only has one cotyledon, compared to the bean seed, which has 2. So, the corn seed is one, and the bean seed is two. It is a dicot.
 * 1) Is this a monocot or a dicot? The Split pea is a dicot. It is a dicot because it has two embryonic seed leaves, compared to single embryonic monocots.
 * Epidermis- protection of the root
 * Cortex- stores photosynthetic products
 * Pith- parenchyma(defined in under ground tissue) cells inside the ring of vascular tissues of dicot systems
 * Vascular bundles- clusters of xylem and phloem
 * Xylem- carries dissolved minerals and water upward
 * Phloem- carries food energy and glucose downward
 * Ground tissue- stores the carbohydrates produced by the plant (parenchyma is the most abundant ground tissue)
 * 1) >>>>> Monocot

=Living and Non-Living Lab= Observations: Flask C exploded Flask A looks like the yeast already exploded Flask A is only yeast and water, but it is very cloudy. B is a dark brown (darker on the bottom). C is a light brown Yeast floats on top of A and C.

30 minutes later. Observations: Whole top of C is covered in yeast foamy. Must be oxygen because it is yellowing B has still done nothing because there is no yeast. A is still cloudy, but yeast has rise to sides/top of flask. C has yeast on the sides/top of flask. Bubbles are rising in yeast. C’s blue tube is now more clear than blue.

1. Why did the bromothymol blue change colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube? **The bromothymol blue changed colors because our classmate was blowing carbon dioxide into in and when you add carbon dioxide to bromothymol blue it turns yellow. The bromothymol blue is an indicator of acids. Blue is 7-14 and Yellow 0-7** ** ß **** which is acidic. **
 * Analysis/Conclusions: **

2. What does the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicate about the yeast? **The carbon dioxide in flask c was produced by the yeast reacting with the molasses and water. Without molasses the yeast couldn’t produce carbon dioxide. Yeast uses molasses as energy to produce the CO2. Molasses contains sugar and yeast uses this sugar to produce carbon dioxide.**

3. How can you **be sure** that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast? **If the molasses contained the carbon dioxide the bromothymol blue would have turned yellow in flask b, but it needed the yeast to react with to produce it.**

4. What does the presence of buds indicate about the yeast? **It means that the yeast is reproducing by dividing**

5. Why were more buds present in one of the mixtures? **There were more buds because there was more reproduction that occurred**.

= = flat =Comparing Plants and Animals= Onion Cell Before Salt Solution (it says 325 mm, should be 325 um) Onion Cell After Salt Solution The cell was 325 um wide on high power.

Onion Cell Questions 1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the onion cells.
 * The shape of the onion cells with long and rectangular. They were all jammed close together. The reminded us of a brick wall.**

2. What happened to the cells when concentrated salt solution was added to the cells? Why do you think this happened?
 * When the salt added to the cell, the cell membrane shriveled up but the cell wall stayed the same. I think this happened because it sucked all the water out of the cell. The salt solution dehydrated the cell.**

Cheek Cell Questions: 1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the cheek cells.
 * The shape of the cheek cell is circular because it is an animal cell.**
 * The arrangement of the cell looked like big blobs of circles around the coverslip. They weren’t very close together, and none of them looked the same.**

2.What was the purpose of adding the Lugol's iodine or Methylene blue to the slide?
 * The purpose of the blue is so you can see the cell clearer. It helps to make the parts of the cell stand out.**

=**Cell Transport**=

This is a picture just as it was put in the regular tap water.
 * Osmosis:**

Osmosis paragraph: Osmosis is the transport of water molecules. The regular water moved from the beaker into the potato slice. It took about a four-hour time span for some water to be soaked up into the potato. When the potato was dropped in the beaker, the water and the potato were at equilibrium. Equilibrium means that the solvent and solute are equal and were not hypertonic or hypotonic.

This picture was taken just as the "sausage" was added to the water containing iodine. The iodine solution was hypertonic and since the starch inside the "sausage" was hypotonic, diffusion occured. Causing the iodine solution to show passive transport and pass through the "sausage" membrane to the starch, making both the "sausage" and the iodine solution to become isotonic. Due to the iodine coming in contact with the starch, it turned black. This picture was taken just as the potato slice was added to the satlwater solution. The saltwater solution was hypertonic and since the fluids in the cells of the potato slice were hypotonic, diffusion occured. Causing the hypotonic fluids in the potato slice to move into the hypertonic solution, in attempt for both to become isotionic. Which is why it seems like the potato slice is shriveled up.
 * Diffusion:**

=Cell Model=

The Coolest Plant Cell on the Planet! KEY

Cell Wall- dough crust Cell membrane- peanut butter Nucleus- snicker doodle cookie Mitochondria- peanut butter egg Chloroplast- fudge with green icing Golgi Body- layered pretzel rods Rough E.R.- licorice with nerds Smooth E.R.- licorice without nerds Ribosomes- nerds Vacuoles- jello Nuclear Membrane- green icing around nucleus Cytoplasm- cool whip Lysosomes- no lysosomes in plant cells Cytoskeleton- long pieces of licorice Nucleolus- Hershey kiss Chromatin- small pretzels in the nucleus

= Protists = Spirostomum

Hydra

Daphnia

Sources: [] [] [|www.eduplace.com/science/hmxs/ls/pdf/5rs_2_1-6.pdf] []

= Cell Size Lab = WORK





1. Compare and Contrast the data of the 3 cubes after they were sliced. 2.Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain. 3.Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so? 4.Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis.
 * All three cubes have the same diffusion depth of .4cm. They were all the same characteristically expect their size, but because of their size the smaller the cube the more the pink that showed because there was less space. This didn't mean that it had more diffusion it just shows that no matter how small or large they all will have the same amount of diffusion.** **Although they all had different surface areas, volumes, and ratios it didn't effect the diffusion depth. The small block was fed more because it had a smaller white center, but the large block had a larger white center, meaning that it did not get fed completely and was still hungry.**
 * The cell that was most efficient was the 1x1 cube because it was smaller so the solution was easier to get into the cell and it had less to go through. The less efficient was the 3x3 cube because the sodium hydroxide had more to pass through.**
 * The ratio was the calculation that best explained what we observed in the cell model. It shows that the bigger the cell, the longer it takes for the solution to pass through it. The ratio shows that the greater difference between the surface area and the volume then the slower the diffusion occurs.**
 * If the cell size is smaller then others that it is compared too, then the diffusion is more efficient. It is much easier for a solution to pass through a small cell, rather than a larger cell.**

=**Catalyst Lab**=



This the chart of our lab results.

Here are our homework questions: =Penny Lab=
 * 1) Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.** H202 --> H20 +0 (the 2's should be smaller) **
 * 2) What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common? **Proteins- they are all organic compounds, contain carbon atoms, and contain amino acid, which contain nitrogen.**
 * 3) Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? **Explain. Yes- they can be recycled to break down additional substrate molecules**
 * 4) How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide? **More reactions change occurred between cold peroxide, then hot peroxide, then at room temperature. The beans, potatoes, and chicken liver reactions never changed. The one that changed was the ground beef. At room temperature, ground beef was categorized as a 1. The hot peroxide ground beef was as a 3, and the cold peroxide was categorized as a 4. Thus, the most reaction change occurred with cold peroxide, then hot peroxide, than last room temperature.**
 * 5) What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain. **Without biomolecules like catalase, an organism would be less efficient. The whole point of catalase, which is an enzyme, is to speed up reactions and processes throughout the organism. So, without catalase, a cell would work slower and less efficient.**



Data: We formed a hypothesis that the penny would hold 13 drops of regular water. We were definitely wrong! After four trials, the penny held 17, 25, 30, and 35 drops. The average was 26.75 drops.

We formed a hypothesis that the penny would hold 6 drops of soapy water. After four trials, the penny had held 13, 9, 12, and 14 drops. The average was 12 drops.

Observations: The water would bubble over the edge of the penny The soapy water never even got a chance to bubble because it couldn't hold that much One drop could ruin the whole thing; but not all of the water would run off the penny We were amazed how much regular water a penny could hold!

=Light Intensity=

What are the best possible conditions for making the maximum of ATP?
 * After messing around with the program for a while, we found that the best possible conditions to get 100% Maximal ATP is at 200lux and 425nm.**

Hypothesize what values you believe are the best conditions (what wavelength and light intensity creates the most ATP.)
 * We think that the best conditions are on a low wavelength and high light intensity to create the most ATP.**

=**Chromatography**= Below are the Rf factors of the pigments of the leaves we tested. Everything is in centimeters. Leaf A (Nicole & Jensen)- The solvent moved 7.5 cm. Pigments: Yellow 0.85 and Green 1.0 Leaf B (Allie & Zach)- The solvent moved 7 cm. Pigments: Yellow 0.75 and Green 0.9 Leaf C (Team Earl)- The solvent moved 6.8 cm. Pigments: Green 0.5 Leaf D (Team Anna)- The solvent moved 6.2 cm. Pigments: Yellow 0.5 and Green 1