International+Harvesters

flat =Members= Josh V. Luke M. Caleb G. Derek M.

=Josh's And Caleb's Twig Lab= 1.) Count the sections between bud-scale scars and determine the age of your twig. 2.) Has growth in length occurred the same rate each year? 3.) Why? 4.) Examine your twig and determine how many leaf scars are located at a node. 5.) Classify the leaf arrangement as opposite, alternate, or whorled. 6.) Examine the twig and determine the number of nodes produced for each growing season (the space between two nodes is called an internode.) 7.) Is the same number of nodes produced each growing season? 8.) Do all the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars and is the arrangement the same? 9.) Describe the form and location of the lenticels. 10.) What is the function of the lenticels?
 * 6 Years
 * Yes
 * Because the tree was in a stable environment that never changed
 * 20
 * Opposite
 * 6
 * Yes
 * Yes, and yes.
 * The lenticels look like little dots on the twig, and they are usually around the middle of the internodes.
 * The lenticels let oxygen and other gases in and out.

=Luke and Derek's Twig Lab=

1.) Count the sections between bud-scale scars and determine the age of your twig. 2.) Has growth in length occurred the same rate each year? 3.) Why? 4.) Examine your twig and determine how many leaf scars are located at a node. 5.) Classify the leaf arrangement as opposite, alternate, or whorled. 6.) Examine the twig and determine the number of nodes produced for each growing season (the space between two nodes is called an internode.) 7.) Is the same number of nodes produced each growing season? 8.) Do all the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars and is the arrangement the same? 9.) Describe the form and location of the lenticels. 10.) What is the function of the lenticels? To let oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out.
 * 8 Years
 * No
 * Because of different amounts of rainfall and sunlight and also different temperatures
 * 2
 * Opposite
 * 2 nodes each growing season.
 * yes
 * No
 * The lenticles are tiny circles going all the way up the leaf

=Infographic=



=Monocot and Dicot Lab=

Can you find young leaves inside it? What part is the seed coat? Try to open another corn seed like you did the bean seed. Can you do it? Why or why not? //Dicot://
 * Corn seed**
 * Yes, there is one leaf
 * The outside
 * Bean seed**
 * Because when a bean seed sprouts, it splits apart into two. When a corn seed sprouts, it does not split.
 * Pea seed**
 * The pea seed is a dicot because it splits into two, ("split pea") or have two cotyledons.
 * Stem Slides**

//Monocot:// Answers: What are the differences between monocot and dicot stems?
 * Monocot has ground tissue, when the dicot does not. And dicots have a pith and a cortex, when a monocot does not.
 * Stem vascular bundles are scattered in a monocot.
 * In a dicot stem vascular bundles are in a ring.

What is the function of each of these tissues? 2. Dicots __Woody__- A plant that doesn't die off at the end of a growing season __Herbaceous__- A plant the dies off at the end of a growing season
 * Phloem transports glucose to all parts of the plant, where it is needed.
 * Pith is soft spongy cells that store and transport nutrients through the plant.
 * The epidermis protects (covers) the the entire plant from the outside environment. It protects against water loss, regulates gass exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and it absorbs water and nutrients.
 * Xylem mostly transports water. It also transports some nutrients.
 * Cortex transports minerals into the central cylinder of the root, and it may be used for food storage in the form of starch.
 * Herbaceous Plants (Examples)**
 * 1) Monocots
 * Corn
 * Dahlia
 * Bean
 * Pea
 * Woody Plants (Examples)**
 * 1) Monocots
 * Rosemary
 * Yucca
 * Bushes
 * Trees
 * Definitions**

=Characteristics of life=

Obserbation: Observation:
 * Flask A is Yeast and H2O combined.
 * Flask B is Molasses and H2O, and the molasses is at the bottom of the beaker because it is more dense than the water.
 * Flask C is Yeast, Molasses and H2o combined. They are all having a chemical reaction, giving off carbon dioxide, which will eventually turn the indicator (Bromothymol) yellow.
 * The chemical reaction from flask C (giving off carbon dioxide) turned the indicator (bromothymol) yellow

Analysis:
 * 1) It turned yellow because it mixed with carbon dioxide
 * 2) It means there is an acid in the yeast.
 * 3) Yeast turns sugar into carbon dioxide
 * 4) It means the yeast is reproducing
 * 5) There is more sugar in one of the mixtures to help the buds grow and reproduce.



=Animal and Plant cells= Cheek Cell Shape and Arrangement: It's rounded and it is 23.4375 µm and there is no specific arrangement Purpose of Methylene Blue: For the cell to be visible or else it would just be clear



Shape and arrangement- The cells are rectangular and are next to each other. Salt solution- the cell shriveled up because they needed water. Cell size- around 375 micrometers

=Cell Transport Lab= Before:

After:

With the starch, the diffusion happens when the iodine goes into the bag. The potatoes underwent osmosis. This is because water passed through the skins of the potato slices into the beaker, or vice versa. The salt solution drew the water out of the 1st potato slice because it was a hypertonic, which means it had a higher concentration gradient. But the water in the 2nd beaker was the hypotonic, so the potato brought in water from the beaker.

With the bag of starch, the iodine solution was the hypertonic, so the bag of starch brought in iodine, and the starch couldn't pass through the membrane of the bag because the bag is selectively permeable.

=Cell Model=

=Cell Size Lab= Calculations: We got the Surface area by taking 2lw + 2lh + 2wh We got the area by taking length times width
 * Cube Size || Area of Cube || Volume of Cube || Surface Area to Volume Ratio || Distance of Diffusion || Rate of Diffusion ||
 * 1x1x1 || 6 Square Centimeters || 1 Square cm || 6:1 || .5 cm || 1/20cm every minute ||
 * 2x2x2 || 12 Square Centimeters || 8 Square cm || 12:8 || .5 cm || 1/20cm every minute ||
 * 3x3x3 || 18 Square Centimeters || 27 Square cm || 18:27 || .5 cm || 1/20cm every minute ||

We got the Volume by taking the length times 3 We got the ratio by taking the area with the volume We got the Rate of Diffusion by taking .5 cm divided by 10 = = Analysis:

1. Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half. There was no difference for the rate of diffusion. They each got the same amount of phenolphthalein. The only difference is that they are different sizes. 2. Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain. The 3x3x3 “cell” seemed to be the least efficient because even though it got the same amount of phenolphthalein, there was still more white space in the middle. And I think that the 1x1x1 cell was the most efficient because it got all of the outside substances into the cell. 3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so? Rate of diffusion seems to explain what we observed in the cell model the most because that is what the whole lab was about, to show the differences in cell size. 4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis. (Remember: Use an If....., then..... statement.) If the cell is smaller, then it will fill a higher percentage of itself quicker than a cell that is bigger than it. =Protists Lab= Size: 500 µm Three interesting facts: Size: 68.2 µm Three interesting facts: Size: 375 µm Three interesting facts: =Enzyme Lab= Levels of fizz: Liver: 5 Beef: 3 Potatoes: 2 Beans: 1 Levels of fizz: Liver: 5 Beans: 1 Beef: 3 Potatoes: 4 Levels of fizz: Beef: 2 Beans: 1 Liver: 5 Potatoes: 1
 * Lives less than one year
 * Several Species are threatened
 * A newly hatched Daphnia has to molt several times before becoming an adult
 * They are single celled eukaryotes
 * They move at 12 body lengths per second
 * They move by spiraling through water
 * Come in different colors
 * They can regenerate
 * It is sometimes called trumpet animalcules

Analysis: ~H2 O2 à H2O + O2­ ~They are in the protein group. They all have amino acids. ~Yes, it is possible because they break down or form other substances together. Because the biomolecules like catalase are not being changed, they can be reused. ~The room temperature and the colder hydrogen peroxide had close to the same reaction, but the warmer hydrogen peroxide had a greater reaction, especially in the liver. ~If it was useless then the living thing would not be able to use the catalase to speed up reaction and the hydrogen peroxide would have no effect and it would do nothing but maybe hurt the organism.
 * 1) Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.
 * 1) What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common?
 * 1) Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain.
 * 1) How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide?
 * 1) What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain

= How Many Drops of Water Can Fit on a Penny? =


 * Soapy Water:**


 * Take a Guess: How many drops of water can fit on one side of a penny? **


 * 36 Drops of water


 * Results: **


 * 24 Drops of water
 * 14 Drops of water
 * 14 Drops of Water
 * 15 Drops of Water


 * Average: **


 * 20 ½ drops

We noticed that the faster we put the drops on the penny, the less water it could take.
 * Observations:**

Regular water

Luke Mennetti Derek Morrel Penny Lab

The average of all 4 tests was 19.25
 * 1) 19
 * 2) 19
 * 3) 19
 * 4) 20



=Light Intensity Activity=

When there is a lower wavelength (more light is going through the leaf), and there is higher light intensity (the light is brighter and there is more light), then it is better for photosynthesis because the plant gets more over all light. This is better for photosynthesis because light is the main reactant in this process. This all means that it makes ATP faster because of wavelength and light intensity.

The best possible conditions for making the maximum ATP would be short Wave Lenghts and high Light Intensity.

200 Light Intensity and 425 Wave Length are the best values to go for the best results.

=Chromatography Lab=

We came to the conclusion that not all pigments move the same amount every time. Not all leaves have the same chlorophyll. If they all have the same chlorophyll, the pigments would all move the same, which they didn't. You can see the RF values above, and how they do not move the same.