Cassidy+F.

= DNA extraction lab HW =

1. Did everyone in your group have about the same extraction results? No we didn’t

2. Why is this the case? We had different amounts of DNA extracted from everyone and the everyone’s DNA is different and some people mixed the alcohol by accident

3. How is the amount of DNA that you extracted affected by your day to day activities? It can be affected from simple things like having chubbier cheeks you would be able to extract more DNA because of more cells and braces would be able to scrape more

=DNA replication summary =

DNA replication begins with a single strand of DNA. First you must break all the hydrogen bonds, you do this with the help of helicase. Helicase is an enzyme that will break the strands apart. The two ends will stay together forming a replication fork. The second step is to keep the DNA from coming back together and to keep this from happening you will attach single stranded binding proteins to the now split DNA. The third, and fourth step to DNA replication are the most complicated you now have two strands, a leading strand and a lagging strand. The two strands replicate differently. When replicating the leading strand, the primase, which is an enzyme that gives the starting point for the replication process, will attach at the three prime ends. This will always go from the three prime end to the five prime end. The fourth step is to add the polymerase. The polymerase will add the DNA to the leading strand therefore replicating it. The steps are a bit different for the lagging strand. This strand with is replicated in short bits. They will still use the primase and polymerase it will just be done in sections instead of one large strand. The bits are called Okazaki Fragments.These are used because as stated before the primase will only run on a three to five prime strand, and the lagging strand is reversed. The okazaki fragments are used to put it in the three to five prime order so the DNA can be replicated. All these bits lay along the DNA strand and so to connect the bits together to form the second strand DNA ligase will come to fill the gaps, and gives you the second strand of DNA. Once you have completed all these steps you will end up with two strands, the replicated DNA.

= DNA Infographic = =Infographic -- disease=