The+Penguins

Sam J
flat =Human Cheek Cell Anlaysis= What are the 5 elements that make up DNA? ** DNA consists of the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Phosphorus. ** What is the function of DNA from day to day? ** From day to day DNA makes proteins and controls everything that goes on in the cell **. Describe how long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell. ** The long strands of double-helical DNA wrap around the histones and fits inside a chromosome. ** What was the purpose of using the cell lysis solution? ** The purpose of the lysis solution was to reveal the DNA. ** Why does the DNA become visible once the alcohol is added? ** The DNA becomes visible once the alcohol is added because the DNA is a polar molecule and the alcohol is a non-polar substance. ** If DNA is so thin, how is it that we are able to see it during this simple lab exercise? ** We were able to see the DNA because the lysis revealed it. ** Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint? ** DNA is referred to as your genetic fingerprint because it identifies who you are just like your fingerprint does. ** Give some examples of how DNA is used everyday. ** DNA is used by scientists and lawyers to help crimes. ** ** It is also use to figure out what traits you are going to inhabit. ** ** DNA can help you fine long lost relatives. **

= ** DNA Replication ** = ** Summary: **


 * **Telomeres are the protective end of a chromosome that keep the chromosomes in the cell from attaching to one another. Some cells can maintain the length of the telomeres with telomerase. 85-90% of cancers express telomerase.**


 * **Okazaki Fragments are DNA that attaches itself to the lagging strand for replication. DNA Ligase goes in between the Okazaki Fragments and fuses them together to finish the DNA strand.**


 * **Gene therapy can be done by transplanting cells.**
 * **Cloning can lead to short telomeres, and shortened lives**

DNA Molecule:



Steps 1 & 2:
 * **The enzyme Helicase comes in and breaks apart the hydrogen bond leaving a “fork in the road”.**
 * **Single stand binding proteins come in an attach them selves. They keep the strands from coming back together.**

Leading Strand:
 * **The enzyme primase comes in right beside the polymerase and gives a staring point of replication for the DNA.**
 * **The enzyme polymerase then replicates the DNA.**

Lagging Strand Replication:


 * **The Okazaki fragments come in and help open the DNA strand.**
 * **Then, Ligase fuses the Okazaki Fragments.**
 * **Finally, primase & polymerase come in just like in the leading strand.**

Josh Volchko was also included in our group for the DNA Replication model project

=Genetics Infographics=

Thumb: []

Widows Peak: []

Dimple: []

Bent Little Finger: []

Mid Digital Hair: []

Color Blindness: []

White Forelock: []

Long Second Toe: []

Left Arm Folds Over Right: []

Right Thumb On Top: []

Free Earlobe: []

Palmar Muscle: []

Tongue Roll: []

Brown Pigmented Iris: []

Freckles: []

Handed: []



=Diaper Dissection Lab:= Discussion Report:
 * Predictions:**
 * I predicted (I already knew this about diapers) that there would be a chemical in the inside of the diaper that changes the liquid to a solid gel form. That is what makes it heavy when the baby goes to the bathroom.
 * There will be a piece of the diaper that connects to the other side that makes it stay on the baby.
 * Observations:**
 * Within the inner layer, that touches the baby, the material is used to catch the moisture or substances and absorb within.
 * All the outside flaps on the diaper is very strong and stretchy (hard to break apart).
 * The middle part is to retain / absorb the liquid substances.
 * The outer most layer is like the diaper's "shell" and it keeps the diaper together and protects it from whatever the baby is doing. It keeps the substances within the diaper.
 * When pouring water on the inside layer with the powder, it turned the water into a gel like substance, then condensed, and turned turned more solid.
 * When water was poured on a piece of the whole diaper, it was absorbed and dried instantly from the chemical powder on the inside of the diaper, and turned solid again.
 * When water was added to the outside (shell) layer, the water was not absorbed, but immediately beaded off to the side of the diaper. It is water proof.
 * When water was poured on the whole diaper on the inside, it turned really hard and it turned all the water into a solid. But after we kept pouring for a while, the water eventually went off to the side. The diaper became really heavy after this.
 * Based on my observations, if diapers were to be in landfills, it could possibly affect the environment by absorbing a lot of it's water. So when it rains and there is a diaper (possibly not in a landfill, but just litter in the environment) then a lot of the rain water could be soaked up by the diaper.
 * Prediction Analysis:**
 * My thoughts about how the parts of a diaper worked did not change because I already knew about the chemical powder in diapers before we did this lab. However, I did learn by the research below more about the powder, such as the name (Polyacrylic Acid).
 * Research:**
 * The super-absorbent Chemical Powder that is inside diapers is called Polyacrylic Acid (an explanation on how the Polyacrylic Acid works is in the link below).
 * Diapers take 500 years to decompose.
 * Viruses excreted from baby's feces could end up leaking into local water supplies from landfills.
 * Decomposing diapers release methane into the air.

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