The+Head+Banging+Billy+Goats

flat Cassidy F. Emily S.

=DNA extraction lab=

1. What are the 5 elements that make up DNA? - Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus

2. What is the function of DNA from day to day? – guides the cell to make new proteins

3. Describe how long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell. – the rap tightly around the histones.

4. What was the purpose of using the cell lysis solution? – It breaks down the cell so that the DNA can be extracted.

5. Why does the DNA become visible once the alcohol is added? The polarity are opposites so when the alcohol dissolves the other stuff the DNA is suspended in the solution.

6. If DNA is so thin, how is it we are able to see it during this simple lab exercise? - the DNA is so long that it is rapped around itself and looks thick therefor it is visible

7. Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint? – nobodies is the same

8. Give some examples of how DNA is used everyday. – to solve crimes, to trace your family roots, use diseased DNA to find how that disease works.

= DNA Replication Model =

DNA replication begins with a single strand of DNA. First you must break all the hydrogen bonds, you do this with the help of helicase. Helicase is an enzyme that will break the strands apart. The two ends will stay together forming a replication fork. The second step is to keep the DNA from coming back together and to keep this from happening you will attach single stranded binding proteins to the now split DNA. The third, and fourth step to DNA replication are the most complicated you now have two strands, a leading strand and a lagging strand. The two strands replicate differently. When replicating the leading strand, the primase, which is an enzyme that gives the starting point for the replication process, will attach at the three prime ends. This will always go from the three prime end to the five prime end. The fourth step is to add the polymerase. The polymerase will add the DNA to the leading strand therefore replicating it. The steps are a bit different for the lagging strand. This strand with is replicated in short bits. They will still use the primase and polymerase it will just be done in sections instead of one large strand. The bits are called Okazaki Fragments.These are used because as stated before the primase will only run on a three to five prime strand, and the lagging strand is reversed. The okazaki fragments are used to put it in the three to five prime order so the DNA can be replicated. All these bits lay along the DNA strand and so to connect the bits together to form the second strand DNA ligase will come to fill the gaps, and gives you the second strand of DNA. Once you have completed all these steps you will end up with two strands, the replicated DNA. During very replication process DNA uses things called telemers they are found at the end of the chromosomes these are used because as DNA is replicated it shrinks. These will hold the memory needed as you replicate more and more DNA.

= DNA Flip Book =

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=Genetics Infographics=

=Medaka Infographics= =Diaper Dissection=


 * Procedure:** Cut the diaper in half, dissect the one half and test the other half’s absorbency.

Top inside layer- soft lining (strainer) 2nd- “cottony” absorbent layer 3rd- spongy; absorbent and cushiony 4th- plastic repellant Top outside layer- decorative repellant
 * Prediction: 5 layers**

Top inside- 10% of 20 mL absorbed (thin, white strip) 2nd- 75% of 20 mL (cottony layer) 3rd- 30% of 20 mL (spongy, small white balls that expand) 4th- 100% of 20 mL (thicker cotton layer) Top outside- 0% of 20 mL (repellant)
 * Dissection:**


 * Entire Diaper can absorb: 320 mL of water**

The problems with disposable diapers going into the landfills are plentiful. Some include the feces from within the diaper adding to the bacterial problems and disease in rats. Did you know, that diapers NEVER disintegrate when put into a landfill? During this dissection we learned that diapers have more than just an absorbent middle but little tiny balls that absorb the water as well. Did you know that up to 3% of everything in the landfills are diapers? This can be a problem because they will continue to collect never disintegrating.