JaJos

flat =**Members**= Jacob G. Jacob S. Jordan T. Jon I.

=Characteristics of Woody Stems= 1. Count the sections between bud-scale scars and determine the age of your twig. It is about 10 years old. It is about 4 years old. 2. Has growth in length occurred the same rate each year? No. Between the first and second years, the stem grew less than it did between the second and third years and each one has a different growth pattern. No, every internode is a different length. 3. Why? Because the weather might have gotten warmer earlier or it might have rained more one year than it did the last. Because if it rained more one year, the twig would have grown more, if it was a drier season, the twig would grow less. 4. Examine your twig and determine how many leaf scars are located at a node. There are two leaf scars at each node. There were two leaf scars at each node. 5. Classify the leaf arrangement as opposite, alternate, or whorled. The leaf arrangement is opposite. It was opposite. 6. Examine the twig and determine the number of nodes produced for each growing season. There are four nodes for growing season. There were 3 nodes each growing season. 7. Is the same number of nodes produced each growing season. Yes there is the same number of nodes per growing season. There were three nodes every growing season. 8. Do all the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars and is the arrangement the same? They have the same amount of bundle scars. They don't have the same amount of bundle scars but the arrangement was the same. 9. Describe the form and location of the lenticels. They are between the leaf scars and some are bigger than others. They are on the internode in no arrangement. 10. What is the functions of the lenticels? The lenticels allow gas exchange between the atmosphere and the tree. They are the pores of the twig that bring in carbon dioxide and let out oxygen.

=Thumb Wars Infographic=



=Monocot/Dicot Lab=

Corn Seed
> > > >
 * 1) We cannot see any young leaves inside the seed. The seed coat is the outside skin of seed.
 * 2) It is a monocot.

Bean Seed
> > >
 * 1) No we cannot, because the seed coat is hard enough that we can't open it with our bare hands.

Split Pea
> > >
 * 1) It is a dicot.
 * 2) It is a dicot because

**Stem slides**

 * 1) The differences between a monocot and dicot stem is that the monocot's stem has vascular bundles scattered around in the cell and the dicot's stem has vascular bundles in a ringlike pattern around the outside of the cell. The function of the xylem is to bring food back from the leaves, and the Phloem bring the water and minerals to the leaves for food.
 * 2) [[image:CS.jpg width="270" height="208"]]
 * 1) [[image:CS.jpg width="270" height="208"]]

Herbaceous and Woody Stems

 * 1) The difference between a herbaceous and a woody stem is that the herbaceous dies off for winter and leaves behind parts that will make it grow back next spring while the woody stem has its whole body up all year round and grows more xylem and phloem every year for more circulation. Two examples that are monocots are lilies, and orchids. Two examples that are dicots for woody stems are trees (except palms) and shrubs while two examples of herbaceous dicots would be

=Characteristics of Life Lab= 1. Why did the bromothymol blue change colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube? The Carbon Dioxide in her breath mixed with the water to make carbonic acid. 2. What does the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicate about the yeast? It indicates that the yeast is working or reproducing, by breaking into two pieces. Indicates that the yeast is going over respiration. 3. How can you **be sure** that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast? When the yeast reproduces, it gives off Carbon Dioxide which is the only way the Carbon Dioxide gotten into the tube. 4. What does the presence of buds indicate about the yeast? The buds mean that the yeast is reproducing, and that means that it is working. 5. Why were more buds present in one of the mixtures? More buds were in the one that had more food for the yeast to eat. They were more in the one that had molasses, water, and yeast because the yeast have food, and an optimum water temperature, which make the right conditions for the yeast to reproduce. (30 minutes later)

=Comparing Plants and Animals= Cheek Cell: This a picture of the cheek cells of the inside of a human cheek. 1. The shape of the cheek cells are circular because they do not have any cell wall to give them any structure. The arrangement would be random because when we put them on the slide, they moved around. 2. The purpose of adding the Methylene blue to the slide is to help us see the insides of the cells and make them stand out against the clear slide background.

Onion Cell: 1. The shape of the onion cells are rectangular and and arranged side by side.

2. When the concentrated salt solution was added to the cells, the cell membrane came inside towards the nucleus of all the cells. This happened because the water left the cells causing the cell to shrivel, and the cytoplasm to dry up do to the salt. =Cell Transport= Before: Osmosis

After: Osmosis is the diffusion of only water and is where molecules of low concentration move to areas of high concentration. Overtime the molecules will balance themselves. The potato with water absorbs the water in the beaker. The potato in the saltwater gets dried out because the saltwater is hypertonic and the water in the potato is hypotonic.

Before: Diffusion

After: ====These pictures show diffusion because the iodine moved from the beaker into the sausage bag. Diffusion is when a substance moves through a semi-permeable membrane. The iodine moved through the bag into the corn starch which turned black because the iodine is an indicator. The sausage is the hypotonic in the solution because the iodine water moved into the sausage bag when it didn't have any iodine in it which balances the molecules out. The iodine water was the hypertonic in the solution because the iodine moved from the beaker into the corn starch sausage and turned purple-black color.==== =Cell Model=

=Cell Size Lab= After we let the cubes soak in sodium hydroxide, we cut them open to see how far they diffused. 3x3x3: SA: 3x3x6= 54cm V: 3x3x3= 27 VR: 54/27=2 A: 3x3=9 DoD: Measured with ruler RoD: 0.5/10= 0.05
 * Cube Size || Area of Cube: || Surface Area: || Volume || Volume Ratio || Distance of Diffusion || Rate of DIffusion ||
 * 3x3x3 || 9cm2 || 54cm2 || 27cm3 || 2:1 || 0.5 cm || 0.05 cm/minute ||
 * 2x2x2 || 4cm2 || 24cm2 || 8cm3 || 3:1 || 0.5 cm || 0.05 cm/minute ||
 * 1x1x1 || 1cm2 || 6cm2 || 1cm3 || 6:1 || 0.5 cm || 0.05 cm/minute ||

2x2x2: SA: 2x2x6=24 V: 2x2x2=8 VR: 24/8=3 A: 2x2=4 DoD: Measured with ruler RoD:0.5/10=0.05

1x1x1 SA: 1x1x6= 6 V: 1x1x1= 1 VR: 6/1=6 1x1=1 DoD: Measured with ruler RoD: 0.5/10= 0.05

The diffusion rate was .05cm per minute for all of the cubes. The distance of diffusion is 0.5cm. This means that it doesn't matter what size the cube is, it will always be 0.5cm.

Analysis
Analysis: 1. Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half. The cubes were all different sizes but had the same shape, which is similarity. 2. Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain. The 3x3x3 "cell" seemed to be the least efficient at it because even though they diffused at the same rate and distance, the big block would have to diffuse quicker for it to survive. The 1X1X1 "cell" is the most efficient at diffusion because it diffused through the whole block in a smaller amount of time than the bigger blocks. 3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so? The volume ratio was the calculation that seemed to explain what we observed in the cell models because it shows that the smaller the cell, the less areas around the cell that needs materials, the more that goes to the middle of the cell. 4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis. (Remember: Use an If....., then..... statement.) If a cell is smaller, then the cell will be able to get materials throughout the cell quicker.

=Protist Lab=

[[image:Spirostomum_JaJos_Labeled_750_um.png]]
When the Spirotomum gets scared it can contract to less than half its extended length within 1/200 of a second. They are sensitive to the presence of heavy metals.Ecologists used them as indicators of water purity. The size of the spirostomum is 750 um. []

Blepharisma
It is rose colored but while under light it becomes clear.They eat smaller ciliates and euglena. They can be considered as cannibals. Blempharisma is 300 um. []

Paramecium
It is a single celled creature.They are attracted to chaos, which eat the curious. The inside of a paramecium is a jelly-like fluid called protoplasm. The the paramecium is 150 um long. [|http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/paramecium.html]

=Catalyst Lab= Answer the following questions: > **H202**** --> H20+ 02** >
 * 1) **Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide**.
 * 1) **What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common?** They are proteins, because they are enzymes which are proteins that act as catalysts to help complex reactions occur.
 * 2) I**s it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain.** Yes, because the enzymes make keep working unless they are denatured.
 * 3) **How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide?** The cold and heated peroxide made the reaction greater than the room temperature peroxide, which made less of a reaction.
 * 4) **What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain.** The organism cannot survive because it cannot make the food that they take in into food.

Peroxide Levels: Cold peroxide: The bean is a 1 The ground beef is a 2 The potato is a 2 The liver is a 5

Cold Peroxide

Room temperature peroxide: The bean is a 1. The ground beef is a 3. The potato is a 2. The liver is a 5.

Room Temp.

Warm peroxide: The bean is a 2. The ground beef is a 3. The potato is a 1. The liver is a 5.

Warm Peroxide

=Penny On Water Lab=

Hypothesis for tap water: For the tap water, we expect there to be about 20 drops on one penny. The average number of drops in the attempts is 13 drops.

Hypothesis for soapy water: For the soapy water, we expect there to be about 15 drops on one penny. The average number of drops in the attempts is 12 drops. =Light Intensity Activity= Best Try to get 100%

=Chromatography Lab=


 * __Conclusion__**: All leaves don't the same type of pigments. We know this because in our group, we had different pigments. One had yellow-green, while the other did not have. Also, they don't have the same chlorophyll because there are green leaves, red leaves, and yellow leaves, and they can't have the same chlorophyll to have different colors. Also, there are different shades of the colors.