Josh+V.

flat =About me=

Hi, my name is Josh. I am a freshman in high school, and so far in all my classes I have been learning A LOT! Science is one of my all time favorite subjects in school. I join Ski Club at our school and I think it is extremely fun! I have fun going on ski trips with my friends, and it is one of the many highlights to my school year!

=Butternut Tree (White Walnut)=

//Juglans Cinerea L.// is the scientific name. It is related to the Black Walnut tree and Hickories. The Butternut Tree is a deciduous tree which means it sheds its leaves annually. It's margin is finely toothed. It has a compound leaf, is also pinnate, and bears alternate leaves.

If you ever spotted a tree, you would know that it is a Butternut tree by seeing these very distinguishing characteristics:
 * The walnut that the Butternut tree bears grows sticky hairs, is lemon-shaped, and is white.
 * The leaves of the Butternut tree has 11 to 17 leaflets.
 * The insides of the white walnut is edible.



There are some specific uses of the Butternut tree, here are some examples:
 * The walnut is usually consumed by people and animals, and sometimes baked into sweet treats and candies.
 * Butternut tree wood is a very light weight, and woodcarvers like to use it.
 * Butternut tree wood stains very easily, and is commonly used for furniture.
 * Butternut tree bark and walnut rinds were once used to dye cloth different shades of color.



Picture Citations: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_cinerea

=Eastern Hemlock=

The Eastern Hemlock's scientific name is //Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.// The Eastern Hemlock is related to the Sargent Hemlock (//Tsuga canadensis pendula)//. It is a coniferous tree. The pines are flat and narrow. They have a round tip that is not sharp. They are fir needles that are not bundled together.

If you ever spotted a tree, you would know that it was an Eastern Hemlock Tree by seeing these very distinguishing characteristics:
 * The cones that the Eastern Hemlock bears are 3/4" long and they are also "egg-shaped".
 * Inside a cone holds 2 small, seeds.
 * The bark on younger Eastern Hemlock's are flaky, and gets thick and grooved when they are older.



There are some specific uses of the Eastern Hemlock Tree, here are some examples:
 * It is used as a source of tannic acid for tanning leather.
 * It is an important food source / home for wildlife. Turkey, ruffed grouse, and other songbirds use an eastern hemlock for shelter. They also eat the seeds from the tree as a food source. Deer eat from it in the winter when the snow make it hard to find other food.

Picture Citations: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hemlock

=Biomolecules in Foods results= 1.) I tested Egg Whites and Spinach for protien (with biuret), fats (using Sudan IV), starches (using iodine) and simple sugars (using Benedicts). For the Egg Whites, I found that it tested negative for simple sugars, starches, and fats, but it tested positive for protein. Caleb tested Banana for all the things I did, using the same things. He found that it tested positive for simple sugar, and fat, but tested negative for starches and proteins. For the spinach, i found that it tested negative for starches, proteins, and fats, but tested positive for simple sugars. My results are bellow:

For the spinach tests I found: For simple sugars, the color changed to green so there was simple sugars in it. **Positive**. For starches, the iodine stayed golden brown and did not change blue or black. **Negative**. For proteins, the biuret did not change the color and so there was no proteins. **Negative**. For fats, the Sudan IV did not turn out so there was no fats. **Negative**.
 * Spinach:**

The spinach was interesting to me because it tested positive for simple sugars in it in my test. That is odd to me because I have always thought that spinach was supposed to be really healthy for you. When you hear how healthy something is for you, you don't imagine sugar being inside it.

Better understanding:
 * || Simple Sugars || Starches || Proteins || Fats ||
 * Egg White || Negative || Negative || Positive || Negative ||
 * Banana || Positive || Negative || Negative || Positive ||
 * Spinach || Positive || Negative || Negative || Negative ||

2.) Biomolecules in foods:
 * Vegetables ** : The starch and protein depended on the vegie, some had them, and some did not. A lot of the vegetables tested negative for fats and simple sugars.
 * Fruits ** : Starches and fats were the most commonly present biomolecule in the fruits except simple sugars, which was present in all of the fruits. A lot of the fruits did not have protein.
 * Eggs ** : The egg white tested negative for everything except for protein. The egg yolk tested positive for everything except for starch.
 * Meats ** : There was not usually sugar in the meats. Proteins and fats were the most commonly present biomolecule in the meat. There were some starches.

3.) Comparing Biomolecules: Vegetables: Presence of Simple Sugars: Presence of Starch: Presence of Fat: Presence of Protein: Fruits: Presence of Simple Sugars: Presence of Starch: Presence of Fat: Presence of Protein: Eggs: Presence of Simple Sugars: Presence of Starch: Presence of Fat: Presence of Protein: Meats: Presence of Simple Sugars: Presence of Starch: Presence of Fat: Presence of Protein:
 * Present: 2 Absent: 27
 * Present: 12 Absent: 8
 * Present: 3 Absent: 17
 * Present: 9 Absent: 11
 * Present: 22 Absent: 3
 * Present: 13 Absent: 12
 * Present: 11 Absent: 14
 * Present: 12 Absent: 2
 * Present: 4 Absent: 14
 * Present: 5 Absent: 13
 * Present: 9 Absent: 9
 * Present: 18 Absent: 0
 * Present: 2 Absent: 12
 * Present: 5 Absent: 9
 * Present: 14 Absent: 0
 * Present: 14 Absent: 3

4.) I was surprised to find out how much sugar is in fruits because they are supposed to be so good for you. And I was surprised to find out that there is not any fat or sugar in egg whites because I always hear that eggs are not that good for you.

5.) I researched Egg Whites because that is what I tested in class, and I found that it did not have starches, but it did have protein, a little bit of fat, and some sugars. In my test, it said that there were no fats, and no simple sugars.

=Biomolecule Infograph=



=Food Issues Infograph=





=Photosynthesis Infograph=

=DNA Extraction Homework:= Homework Question ( complete individually and turn in on your individual wiki page - be sure to use complete sentences ) -( 6 points)

Did everyone in your group have about the same extraction results? Why is this the case? How is the amount of DNA that you extracted affected by your day to day activities?


 * Shayne wasn’t here the day we did the extractions, but I compared mine to the other people at my table, and we all got the same results. I think this is the case because we all did it at the same time together and they all looked the same.
 * The amount of DNA that is extracted is affected by your day to day activities, some being; what you ate that day, if you have braces, and the amount of moisture in your mouth.

=Replication Summary = DNA REPLICATION SUMMARY

The first step in DNA replication is the helicase binds and breaks apart the hydrogen bonds. DNA helicase then unwinds the DNA strands. After the hydrogen bonds are broken, the single stranded binding proteins attach to the leading and lagging strands of DNA. This keeps the hydrogen bonds from reattaching themselves. After that, the primase then attaches to the 3’ end of the leading strand. The primase will always attach itself to the 3’ end. Primase is an enzyme that gives a starting point to replicate DNA. Next, the polymerase goes in and binds and replicates the DNA. Replication of the lagging strand is a little bit different from replicating the leading strand. First, it starts at the 5’ and the primase starts at the 3’. The Okazaki fragments join together at the 5’. The lagging strand uses okazaki fragments, and the ligase fuses the okazaki fragments.

=DNA Infograph=

=DNA Replication Model= ** Summary: **


 * **Telomeres are the protective end of a chromosome that keep the chromosomes in the cell from attaching to one another. Some cells can maintain the length of the telomeres with telomerase. 85-90% of cancers express telomerase.**


 * **Okazaki Fragments are DNA that attaches itself to the lagging strand for replication. DNA Ligase goes in between the Okazaki Fragments and fuses them together to finish the DNA strand.**


 * **Gene therapy can be done by transplanting cells.**
 * **Cloning can lead to short telomeres, and shortened lives**

DNA Molecule:

Steps 1 & 2:
 * **The enzyme Helicase comes in and breaks apart the hydrogen bond leaving a “fork in the road”.**
 * **Single stand binding proteins come in an attach them selves. They keep the strands from coming back together.**

Leading Strand:
 * **The enzyme primase comes in right beside the polymerase and gives a staring point of replication for the DNA.**
 * **The enzyme polymerase then replicates the DNA.**

Lagging Strand Replication:
 * **The Okazaki fragments come in and help open the DNA strand.**
 * **Then, Ligase fuses the Okazaki Fragments.**
 * **Finally, primase & polymerase come in just like in the leading strand.**

=Colon Cancer=

Links: http://www.flickr.com/photos/yourdon/2683324564/sizes/l/in/photostream/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/lgb06/5356074832/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001308/ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/colon-cancer/DS00035 http://www.flickr.com/photos/21061651@N08/3057150687/in/photostream/ http://www.ehow.com/about_5583089_history-colorectal-cancer.html http://www.flickr.com/photos/conanil/5888555119/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/coolness/4973613731/ http://www.shutterstock.com/cat.mhtml?searchterm=polyps&anyorall=all#id=35802508 http://www.flickr.com/photos/superfantastic/166215927/