Fruit+Roll-Ups

flat =Members= Ruben T. Eric I. Dakota T. Ethan A.

=Woody Stems= 10.The function of the lenticels is to pass oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the tree.
 * 1) The age of our twigs is 2 years old and 5 years old.
 * No, the growth in length has not occurred at the same rate each year.
 * 1) No because one year it grew 7.5 inches and the other year it grew 8.25. The reason for this is probably because there was less rain fall the year it grew 7.5 inches. The other twig grew 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, and 4 so it wasn't the same each year either.
 * 2) Our twigs have 2 leaf scars located on one node.
 * 3) The leaf arrangement is Opposite.
 * 4) There are 6 nodes produced for each growing season for one twig. And 12 for the other twig.
 * 5) Yes, the same number of nodes is produced each growing season.
 * 6) Yes, all the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars. Also, yes, the arrangement is the same.
 * 7) The form and location of the lenticels are Little tiny dots in the internode that are scattered everywhere.

=Thumbwars infographic=

=Monocot and Dicot Lab=

Dicot
 * Split pea**- The split pea is a dicot because the endosperm is contained inside of the seed.

Dicot
 * Bean Seed**- No, you can not split a corn seed in half like a been seed because the corn seed does not have an outer casing and it is one seed instead of two connected halves.

Monocot
 * Corn Picture**- The seed coat is the reddish outside layer of the seed. (it is a red color because we edited the picture to make things stand out)
 * 1) of young leaves: 1


 * Stem Slides**



The difference between Monocot and Dicot stems is that monocot stems are unbranched and fleshy. They are usually weak and do not grow thicker from year to year. Dicot stems are usually tough and will grow thicker every year.

The purpose of the vascular tissues within the plant vary. The epidermis serves as the outer layer which protects the cells within the stem. The cortex is made up vascular tissue that serves as a storage organ in many plants. Sugars and proteins are stored in fall and used in spring. The xylem is vascular tissue that makes veins that run through out the entire plant. The xylem transports water and minerals through every bit of the plant. The phloem is vascular tissue that also creates veins. The phloem transports sugar, or glucose, from the leaves to the rest of the tree. The pith is a spongy tissue that which stores and transports nutrients within the plant. The pith is tissue remaining from the xylem and phloem from previous years.


 * Herbaceous and Woody Stems**
 * The biggest difference between herbaceous and woody stems are herbaceous stems are a softer and are a green color. Woody stems have a hard brown stem that is usually covered with bark.
 * Herbaceous stems die at the end of a growing season while woody stems do not die at the end of a growing season.
 * Woody plants get taller and larger than herbaceous stems most of the time.
 * In cold climates herbaceous plants die back to their roots every year.

Examples: __Woody__ Monocot: palm tree Monocot: bamboo trees Dicot: maples Dicot: oaks

__Herbaceous__ Monocot: any grass Monocot: corn Dicot: cotton Dicot: sunflower

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=Living or Non-living Lab= Flask A: Yeast+H2O -It is a white, cloudy color. White particles are falling
 * First Observation:**

Flask B: Molasses+H2O -It is a darker brown color. It starts lighter at the top and gets darker as you go down the flask. The particles are still

Flask C: Yeast+ Molasses+H2O -It is bubbly at the top and a tan color at the bottom. It is a lighter color that flask b but darker than flask a. It is starting to bubble and stuff rises to the top. The blue test tube is turning more of a greenish color.

Flask A: Yeast+H2O
 * Second Observation:**
 * -**In flask A everything is the same.

Flask B: Molasses+H2O
 * -**In flask B everything has stayed the same.

Flask C: Yeast+ Molasses+H2O
 * -**In flask C there are more bubbles at the top and the blue test tube has now turned yellow instead of green.


 * Analysis and conclusions:**
 * 1) The bromothymol blue changed colors when a classmate exhaled into the tube because it is an indicator. When mixed with CO2 it turns yellow in acids.
 * 2) The production of CO2 in the one flask indicates that the yeast is eating the sugar in the molasses and producing CO2. The CO2 then rises into the bromothymol blue and turns it yellow.
 * 3) We know that CO2 was produced by the yeast because gas rises and it rose into the test tube which was bromothymol blue turning it yellow. Meaning that it was in the presence of an acid, CO2.
 * 4) The presence of buds in the yeast indicate that the yeast is alive because budding means that the yeast is reproducing asexually. Reproduction is a characteristic of life; therefore, the yeast is alive.
 * 5) More buds were present in one of the mixtures because in flask C it had sugar for the yeast to feed on from the molasses, which helps it reproduce and grow more. In flask A, there was no source of glucose or sugar for the yeast to feed off of so it could not grow and reproduce. In flask B, there was no yeast present at all, it was just molasses. This is why there were more buds present in flask C.


 * Budding Picture**



=**Comparing Animal and Plant Cells**= About 7 cell fit across the page on 40x. Each cell is about 53 um because 375 divided by 7 is rounded to 53.
 * Cheek Cell**

This is a picture of an onion cell, the average size of one of the cells is about 375 um because on 40x only about 1 cell fit across the field of view. 1500 divided by 4 is 375.
 * Onion Cell**

The arrangement of the onion cell is they are in a rectangle shape and are in lines or rows, they look like they are connected.

1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the cheek cells: The shape and the arrangement of the cheek cells was they were in a rounded clump. They were pretty much just in a big circle.

2. What was the purpose of adding the Lugol’s iodine or Methylene blue to the slide? The purpose of adding Lugol’s iodine to the onion cell is to make the cell and the cell parts show up more clearly. Otherwise, the onion cell is a clear color and it is a lot harder to see the cell and its parts. The purpose of the Methylene blue is basically the same thing as with the iodine. It made the cheek cell show up better. Without adding the Methylene blue to the slide it would be very hard to see the cheek cell and its parts.

=Cell Transport=
 * Before**

Diffusion occurred in the “sausage” because the iodine went from the water in the beaker and soaked into the “sausage” bag. We know this because iodine turns starches a purplish black color and the bag was purple when we took it out of the water with iodine in it. But the starch did not leave the “sausage” becauseis selectively permeable and it did not allow the starch to leave it. Hypertonic occurred because there was no starch outside the bag but there was a lot inside the bag so the water on the outside of the bag wanted to go inside to even out the solution, or until it reached equilibrium.
 * After**

Osmosis occurred in the beaker with salt solution because the salt sucked the water out of the potato and started to make it dry out. We know this because there wasn’t much water left in the potato because it was dried out and we could see its veins. This is what osmosis is, it is the diffusion of water. The water left the potato and went to the salt with the rest of the water in the container. Hypotonic occurred because there was more saltwater outside the potato, Therefor, the saltwater sucked the water out of the potato and into the rest of the container.

=Animal Cell Model Picture=



=Protists=

[[image:DEERhydra.png]]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stentor_%28protozoa%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena =Cell Size Lab= These are the 3 x 3cm cube, 2 x 2cm cube, and 1 x 1 cm cube of agar. They have been dipped in an indicator called phenolphthalen. This is an indicator that turns pinkish purplish color in the presence of a base. It has diffused .5 cm in each side of the cube.

Work
SA=3cm x 3cm x 6 SA= 54 sq cm
 * 3cm cube:**

V=3cm x 3cm x 3cm V= 27 cubic cm

SA/V= 2:1

Rate of diffusion: .5/10= .005 cm per minute

SA= 2cm x 2cm x 6 SA= 24 sq cm
 * 2cm cube:**

V= 2cm x 2cm x 2cm V= 8 cubic cm

SA/V= 3:1

Rate of diffusion: .5/10= .005 cm per minute

SA=1cm x 1cm x 6 SA= 6 sq cm
 * 1cm cube:**

V= 1cm x 1cm x 1cm V= 1 cubic cm

SA/V= 6:1

Rate of diffusion: .5/10= .005 cm per minute

Cell size analysis question
=Catalase Activity=
 * 1) The 1cm cube was completely purple/pink because the phenolphthalein was an indicator that turns bases a purplish/pink color. If it was an acid or neutral it stay clear. It turned the 1cm cube completely purple/pink because the phenolphthalein diffused .5 cm into every cube and each side of the cube diffused .5, so .5+.5 is 1 which is the whole cube. The 1cm cube, 2cm cube, and 3cm cube were all bases and the Phenolphthalein diffused .5 cm into all of them. There was a larger clear area in the 3cm cube than the 2cm cube because it is larger but the indicator still only went .5cm into it.
 * 2) The cell that seemed to be the most efficient at getting substances into the cell was the 1cm cube because it doesn’t have as far of a distance to go to get through the cube. The indicator diffused the whole way through this, but it only part way through the 3cm cube. Therefor, the 3cm cube would be least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell. It has a larger distance for the substances to travel to get through it.
 * 3) The calculation that seemed to explain what we observed in our cell models would be surface area to volume ratio. This is because the 1cm cube allows substances to diffuse into the cell every 6 square cm on the outside to every 1 square cm on the inside. So it is 3 times more efficient than the 3x3 cube because its ratio was 2:1, this means it only allows substances in every 2 square cm on the outside to 1 square cm on the inside. The 1cm cube is 2 times more efficient than the 2x2 cube because its ratio was 2:1 so it only allowed substances to diffuse into it 2 square cm on the outside to 1 square cm on the inside.
 * 4) If the cell is smaller then its efficiency will be better. Therefor, if the cell is bigger, then the cells efficiency will be not as good as a smaller cell.

Normal Hydrogen Peroxide
In this picture we added the normal room temperature hydrogen peroxide to (from left to right) the beef, potatoes, beans, and liver. This is a picture of the reactions that occurred.

Cold Hydrogen Peroxide
In this picture we added the cold hydrogen peroxide to (from left to right) the beef, potatoes, beans, and liver. This is a picture of the reactions that occurred.

Warm Hydrogen Peroxide
In this picture we added the warm heated hydrogen peroxide to (from left to right) the beef, potatoes, beans, and liver. This is a picture of the reactions that occurred.

Catalase Questions
1. The equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide is 2H2O2 --> 2 H2O + O2

2. The large group of biomolecules that catalase belongs to is protein. The thing that the members of this group all have in common is that all proteins contain amino acids.

3. Yes, you can reuse them unless they have been denatured. They just help break down or speed up a chemical reaction. Itself is not affected from doing this, so unless it is denatured by something such as heat you can keep using them.

4. The warmer the peroxide the larger reaction (more bubbling.) In our experiment we found that the warm peroxide bubbled more than the cold peroxide and the room temperature peroxide. However, the room temperature peroxide bubbled more than the cold peroxide.

5. If biomolecules like catalase become useless then the organism cannot react because catalase makes the organism speed up reaction.

=How many drops of water can fit on a penny?=

Normal water average- 23.33 Soapy water average- 20.66 Left is regular water and right is soapy water. We found that more regular water drops fit on the penny than the soapy water drops. =Light Intensity Activity= Graph- Questions- =Chromotography= Our Results Other Groups Results 1st photo RF values Yellow- .68 Green- .86 Light Green- .92 Number of Pigments- 3

2nd photo RF values Yellow- .66 Light Green- .86 Dark Green- .90 Number of Pigments- 3

Another Groups Results Green- 1 Light Green- .93 Yellow- .83 Light Yellow- .64

Our RF values were not the same as the RF values of other groups. This means that the pigments were different in each plant leaf. This also means that the different RF values mean that there are different kinds of chlorophyll in each plant. This changed the level the pigment traveled with the ethyl alcohol. You can tell that the plants have different pigments and kinds of chlorophyll because the distance up the paper the color traveled. When a pigment got to heavy to carry up the paper, it was dropped off and it made a color change. This is the reason that there are different RF values in the plants.