Cool+Kids+Crew

flat Mackenzie R. Lindsay B. Tasha H. Darriene L.

=Characteristics of Woody Stems=

Darriene London, Tasha Huey 10. Tiny pores that serve as a site of gas exchange in a plant.
 * 1) Our woody stem is around 13 years old.
 * No, it doesn’t grow the same amount.
 * 1) Because the distance between each bud-scale scare decreases each year.
 * 2) There’s two leaf scars at each node.
 * 3) The leaf arrangement is opposite.
 * 4) There are four nodes produced for each growing season.
 * 5) Yes, the same number of nodes is produced each year.
 * No, all the leaf scars do not have the same number of bundle scars. Yes, the arrangement is the same.
 * 1) The lenticels where located right below the leaf scars, they look like small dots.

Lindsay Brocious, Macken zie Rosenberger 10.The function of the lenticels is to exchange gas between the twig and the atmosphere.
 * 1) Our woody stem is around 6 years old.
 * 2) Yes, the growth has been around the same amount each year.
 * 3) The distance stayed around the same length every year.
 * 4) There are two leaf scars at each node.
 * 5) The leaf arrangement is opposite.
 * 6) There are two nodes produced for each growing season.
 * 7) Yes there is.
 * 8) All of the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars and the arrangement is the same.
 * 9) The location of the lenticels isthe sides of the twig and they are little bumps going up through the twig.

=Monocot and Dicot Lab= There are two young leaves inside the seed. The outer layer of the seed is the seed coat. The Corn Seed is a monocot.
 * Corn Seed:**



We could cut the corn seed like we did the bean seed because its shape is about the same as the corn seed. The Bean Seed is a dicot.
 * Bean Seed:**



1. The Split Pea is dicot because it has two cotyledons.
 * Split Pea: **



Monocot has scattered vascular bundles throughout the stem. Dicot has vascular bundles only on the perimeter of the stem. The functions of stem tissues are the sup port for trees, leaves, and fruits. Other functions are to transport fluids, store nutrients and to help with the new growth of another tissue.
 * Stem Slides:**



The difference between an herbaceous and a woody stem is the stem type. Herbaceous plants have soft, green stems and Woody Stems have hard, wood stems. Two examples of a herbaceous monocot are Lemon Grass and Ginger. Two examples of a herbaceous dicot are Buttercup and Mint. Oaks and Maples are dicot Woody Stems. Mountain Cabbage Trees and Green Alder trees are monocot Woody Stems.
 * Herbaceous and Woody Stems:**

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= Thumb Wars Infographic =



=Characteristics of Life La=

=b= Before

==

After

Yeast Mixture Picture



Analysis/Conclusions: 1. The colors changed because he exhaled carbon dioxide and the pH levels decreased. 2. It indicates that the yeast is living. 3. You can be sure that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast because the test tube turned into a green color which would then change to yellow. This happened because carbon dioxide is an acid and the pH levels dropped when the yeast mixed with it. 4. The presence of the buds in the yeast indicates that the yeast is reproducing whenever budding occurs. 5. There were more buds present in one mixture than the other because the other has molasses and water in it. Since more buds were present in the molasses and water, it means t

hat it reproduces faster than the yeast does.

=Onion and Cheek Cell Lab= This picture labels the cell membrane, nucleus, and the cytoplasm of a cheek cell. Size: 47 um high power field of view The purpose of the iodine and the
 * Cheek Cell**

methylene blue is so that we can see the cell structures clearly. The shape and the arrangement of the cheek cells: They're all clustered together in circular shapes.

This picture labels the structures of a magnified onion cell. The cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, and the cytoplasm are all labeled. Size: 31 um high power of field The shape and the arrangement of
 * Onion Cell**

the onion cells: They're overlapping and more rectangular than the cheek cells. Salt Solution: The onion cells shrunk up whenever we added the salt solution to it. This happened because the salt drew the water out of the cell.

=Cell Transport Lab=
 * __Before Picture__**

The first beaker, on the left, is the Salt Solution. The middle beaker is the water and iodine. The last beaker, on the right, is tap water. The first and third beaker have potato slices in them and the middle beaker has "sausage".

__**After Picture**__

The first beaker, on the left, is the potato slice that was in the salt solution. The middle beaker is the potato slice that was in the tap water. The third beaker, on the right, is the "sausage" that was in the water and iodine.

Diffusion is the passive movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion happened when the iodine from beaker 3 soaked into the "sausage" by passing through the semi-permeable casing. Diffusion is the spreading of something more widely. In this case, the iodine spread throughout the "sausage". You can tell this happened because in the before picture, it was white and in the after picture, it turned to a blackish color.
 * Diffusion**:

Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis happened when the salt solution, the first beaker to the left, soaked up the water in the potato and made it shrink. In the salt solution beaker, the potato was the hypotonic because the pressure of the potato decreased when the salt solution shrunk it. Osmosis also happened when the potato in the middle beaker soaked up the tap water and grew. In the plain tap water beaker, the potato was the hypertonic because it soaked up the water and the pressure increased.
 * Osmosis:**

=Cell Model=



=Protists=


 * Spirostomum**

The Spirostomum is completely covered with hairlike cilia. They feed on bacteria. They can also grow larger than 4mm. __Size__: 93.75 um

Blepharisma sometimes look like they are almost transparent. The female is usually larger than the male and they are cannibals. __Size____:__ 187.5 um
 * Blepharisma**

Euglena can make their own food or eat other things. They contain chloroplast and they are unicellular. __Size__**__:__** 7.81 um
 * Euglena**

[] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dap]
 * Citations:**

[|hnia] [] [] [] []

=Cell Size Lab=

3x3, 2x2, and 1x1 agar cubes after being soaked in phenolphthalein for 10 minutes.



__**3x3 Cube**__ SA: 3cm x 3cm x 6 SA: 54 square cm.

V: 3cm x 3cm x 3cm V: 27 cubic cm.

SA/V: 54cm/27cm SA/V: 2.1

__**2x2 Cube**__ SA: 2cm x 2cm x 6 SA: 24 square cm.

V: 2cm x 2cm x 2cm V: 8 cubic cm.

SA/V: 24cm/8cm SA/V: 3.1

__**1x1 Cube**__ SA: 1cm x 1cm x 6 SA: 6 square cm.

V: 1cm x 1cm x 1cm

V: 1 cubic cm

SA/V: 6cm/1cm SA/V: 6.1

__**Rate of Diffusion:**__ R=d/t R=.05 R=.05 R=.05
 * 3x3 Cube**: R=.5/10
 * 2x2 Cube**: R=.5/10
 * 1x1 Cube**: R=.5/10


 * Analysis**
 * 1) They were the same because all three cubes got soaked in .5 of a cm. They’re different because the 1x1x1 cube was completely filled in.
 * 2) The 1x1 cube was the most efficient because it took a shorter amount of time for the phenolphthalein to soak into the center. The largest cell was the least efficient because it would take the longest amount of time.
 * 3) The calculation that seems to explain what we observed in our cell models is the ratio. It is the ratio because it deals with the surface area and the volume. It shows that there’s more surface area to each cubic cm. of volume to feed the cell.
 * 4) If the size of the cell is larger, it will take a longer time for the substances outside the cell to fill it up.

=**Catalase Activity**= From Left to Right: Cold Ca

nnelini Bean, Warm Cannelini Bean, and Room Temperature Canelini Bean.

From Left to Right: Cold

Ground Beef, Warm Ground Beef, and Room Temperature Ground Beef.

From Left to Right: Cold Liver, Warm Liver, and Room Temperature Liver.

From Left to Right: Cold Po

tato, Warm Potato, and Room Temperature Potato.



The table above shows the ratings of how much the foods reacted when we put them in different temperatures of hydrogen peroxide.

1. The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide is 2 H2O2 -> 2 H2O + O2. 2.Catalase belongs to the group Enzymes and all of the members of this group end with -ase. 3. It is possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase because they are not changed in reactions. 4. The Ground Beef reacted the most when it was in room temperature. The warm reacted more than the cold temperature but less than room temperature. The Cannelini Bean reacted a 2 out of 5 for room temperature hydrogen peroxide and a 1 out of 5 for both warm and cold temperatures. The Potato reacted a 1 out of 5 for both room temperature and cold temperature. Then, when we tested for the warm temperature, we found out that it was a 2 out of 5. Lastly, the liver in the room temperature hydrogen peroxide reacted less than the warm and cold. The warm and cold both got a

5 out of 5 while the room temperature only got a 4 out of 5. 5. When an organism such as catalase becomes useless, the bonds between the functional groups break and the shape changes. This means that the enzymes, which relies on its shape, is lost.

=How Many Drops of Water Can Fit on a Penny?= __Estimate of how many drops on the penny__: 70 __1st Result__: 12 drops __2nd Result:__ 14 drops __3rd Result__: 13 drops __4th Result__: 15 drops __Average__: 13.5 drops
 * Soapy Water**

__Estimate of how many drops on the penny__: 60 __1st Result__: 40 drops __2nd Result__: 54 drops __3rd Result__: 101 drops __4th Result:__ 25 drops __Average__: 55 drops
 * Plain Water**

- the penny didn't hold soapy water as well as it held regular water. - you get higher result whenever you use the heads side
 * __Observations__**:

=Light Intensity Activity= After testing the light intensity with a wavelength of 400, we got these results:
 * 60 seconds result**

After testing the light intensity with a wavelength of 550, we got these results:
 * 60 seconds result**

After testing the light intensity with a wavelength of 650, we got these results:
 * 60 seconds result**

After testing the light intensity with a wavelength of 750, we got these results:
 * 60 seconds result**

If you look above, you can see that if you test the wavelength 650 with the light intensity 160, you get the highest percent maximal and the highest number of ATP. Therefore, wavelength 650 and light intensity 160 are the best possible conditions for making the maximum amount of ATP.

=Chromatography Lab= The strip to the left is strip # 1 and the strip on the left is strip # 2. They both have 2 pigments. Strip # 1 has pigments yellow and green. Strip # 2 has pigments yellow and yellow/green.
 * Conclusion:** We found that there are multiple pigments in each color. For example, green can have the pigments yellow and yellow/green just like our strips show. We also found out that the green pigment was the heaviest because it went all the way up until the end and yellow was the lightest because it didn't go as far. Green was also stronger than the pigment yellow because it didn't fade like the yellow did. Not all leaves have the same kind of chlorophyll or other pigments. We know this because other groups tested this lab with different kind of leaves and they got different results, such as the pigment yellow/orange and a pinkish color.

Strip # 1 ended at 4.8 cm Strip # 2 ended at 5.7 cm

=Renewable and Non-renewable Resources=



Background- http://www.flickr.com/photos/namwizard/4537429784/ Coal Train- http://www.flickr.com/photos/railtalk/1290300861/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/mcconnellfranklin/3110539323/lightbox/ 





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