Voldemort's+Army

flat =Members= Kristen L Ala S Claire M Morgan M

=Thumb War Experiment= Hypothesis: If one used dominant hand, then reaction will be faster.

Procedure: First, we tested the species reaction time by having them move their thumb back and forth on two pieces of tape for 15 seconds each hand. We counted how many times they hit one piece of tape and multiplied it by two. Then we tumb wrestled and tallied if they won or lost. We had them tumb wrestle with both hands, writing down their dominant hand.

Errors/ Unexpected Variables: Some people are ambidextreous, they do multiple things with either hand.

Research: Left handed people generally have a faster reaction time with both their hands. Right handed people have as fast as a reaction time as a lefty using their left hand, but the right hand dominant people using their left hand doesn’t come close to the same reaction time.

Conclusion: We found that reaction time has no great affect, but the overall wins were in favor of the left handed people.

[|http://biology.clemson.edu/bpc/bp/Lab/110/reaction.htm#Hands] [|http://biology.clemson.edu/bpc/bp/Lab/110/reaction.htm#Mean%20Times]

=Characteristics of woody stems:= 2. Has growth in length occurred the same rate each year? No.
 * 1) Count the sections between bud-scale scars and determine the age of your twig. On one twig, there are five sections between the bud-scars which means it is five years old and the other twig has three, which means it is three years old.

4. Examine your twig and determine how many leaf scars are located at a node. There are two leaf scars at the node. 5. Classify the leaf arrangement as opposite, alternate, or whorled. The leaf arrangement is opposite. 6. Examine the twig and determine the number of nodes produced for each growing season (the space between two nodes is called an internode.) Our twigs had two nodes produced each growing season. 7. Is the same number of nodes produced each growing season? Yes. 8. Do all the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars and is the arrangement the same? The arrangement is the same and they do have the same number of bundle scars. 9. Describe the form and location of the lenticels. The lenticels are scattered in between each node. 10.What is the function of the lenticels? Lenticels are pores that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to be carried through and out the leaf.

Take a picture of the woody twig and label: terminal bud, axial bud, bud-scale scars, bundle scar, leaf scar, lenticel, node, and internode.



=Thumb War Infographic:= =Monocots and dicots lab=
 * Corn seed questions:**
 * Can you find the young leaves inside the seed? Yes.
 * How many are there? Two.
 * Which part of the seed do you think is the seed coat? The entire outer coat is the seed coat. The hard covering keeps the seed safe.


 * A corn seed is a monocot seed.
 * Bean seed questions**
 * Try to open another corn seed like you did the bean seed. Can you do it? Why or why not?
 * No you can't open a corn seed like you can a bean seed because a bean seed is a dicot and a corn seed is a monocot and a bean seed splits open.


 * The bean seed is dicot because it grows in two parts.

> The split pea is a dicot because you can split the pea into two separate parts without cutting it.
 * Split Pea seed questions:**
 * Is the pea a dicot or a monocot?

>>
 * Stem slides**
 * What are the differences between monocot and dicot stems?
 * Monocots have one leaf seed inside the leaf coat. Dicots have two leaf seeds on the inside of the leaf coat. When a monocot seed germinates, it produces a single leaf. When a dicot germinates, it produces two seed leaves.
 * What is the function of each of these tissues?
 * The function of the Epidermis is to protect the plant from the pathogens getting in and to prevent water loss.
 * The function of the Xylem and Phloem veins is to transport water, nutriets, and minerals.
 * The function of the Cortex is to store the photosynthetic products.
 * The function of the Pith is to transport and store nutrients thoughout the plant. The pith is at the center of the plant.
 * [[image:labeleddicotpicas.png width="462" height="309"]]
 * [[image:Screen_shot_2011-09-30_at_12.27.28_PM.png]]

=Characteristics of life lab= BEFORE Observation: The water and the yeast have mixed throughout the flask. In the 2nd flask, the molasses is at the bottom because it's more dense than the water. In the last flask with the yeast, water, and molasses the molasses and yeast are creating a chemical reaction because the yeast gives off carbon dioxide.
 * Herbaceous and woody stems**
 * What is the difference between an herbaceous and woody stem?
 * A herbaceous stem is a plant that doesn't have much wood, the stems are green and soft. These are annual plants and they die at the end of their growing season. A woody stem are the thick stems of a plant that have been growing two years or more.
 * List two examples that are monocots and 2 that are dicots for both herbaceous and woody stems.
 * Monocots
 * Herbaceous- Lemon Grass, Ginger
 * Woody- Mountain Cabbage Tree, Balsam Fir
 * Dicots
 * Herbaceous- Primula, Buttercup
 * Woody- Oak, Maple
 * Sources**:
 * http://mrswolfgang.wikispaces.com/Take+5+Monocots+and+Dicots
 * http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant
 * http://www.ri.net/schools/Narragansett/NHS/PerDwebpage/woodyst.html

AFTER Observation: The first two flasks have not changed at all because there are no substances in the two of them to mix with each other and create a reaction. In the last one, however, you notice that the tube in the back of the picture is changing to yellow because of the bromothymol blue is receiving the acids from the mixture of the yeast and molasses.

Budding Yeast 1. Why did the bromothymol blue change colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube? 2. What does the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicate about the yeast? 3. How can you **be sure** that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast? 4. What does the presence of buds indicate about the yeast? > The presence of buds indicates that the yeast has been activated by warm water. 5. Why were more buds present in one of the mixtures? =Comparing Animal and Plant Cells= The size of the cells are 53.7 um. long. The purpose of using Methylene blue on the slide is to stain the human or animal cells to make nuclei more visible. Description: The cell is rounded because it's eukaryote.They are separated across the slide. This picture labels the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and the nucleus.
 * The bromothymol blue changed colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube because what people exhale (carbon dioxide) has a pH level below 7. When the classmate exhaled into the bromothymol blue, it turned yellow.
 * Yeast gives off carbon dioxide, so the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicates that the yeast has been activated and is creating a chemical reaction.
 * We can be sure that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast because the flask with just molasses and water didn’t create carbon dioxide.
 * More buds were present in the third mixture because the mixture also contained molasses, which was a food source for the yeast for it to start creating a reaction. The first mixture wasn’t able to produce because the yeast didn’t have a food source but it did have warm water to activate it.
 * Cheek cell**

This is the onion cell before salt solution was added. This picture labels the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

This is the onion cell after salt solution was added. This picture also labels the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

=Cell Transport= Before: After:
 * Shape and arrangement of onion cells: The onion cells are rectangular and are placed together like bricks. They are side by side.
 * The cell membrane shrank within the cell wall when the salt solution was added because the salt drew out the water within the cell. The cell wall didn't shrink because it is composed of dead cells and are the structure of the cell. Cell size: about 375 micrometers
 * [[image:Photo_on_2011-10-26_at_11.54.jpg width="436" height="328"]]

Osmosis occurred within the potato and the salt solution. In osmosis water moves through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of its higher concentration to a region of its lower concentration. Salt solution is a hypertonic solution, so it drew out the water contained in the potato. This happened because the potato would act as selectively permeable, so it only let water exit.

Diffusion occurred within the starch sausage and the water with iodine. Diffusion is when molecules are in constant motion and tend to move from regions where they are in higher concentration to regions where they are less concentrated. It is also the net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient. The water and iodine solution would be the hypotonic solution. It entered the tube where the starch was contained because the starch couldn't exit the tube since the starch is too big. =Cell Model= == =Protists= The hydra is 750 um long. Hydra reproduces in the summer mostly by asexual reproduction. It feeds on small plankton organisms such as microcrustaceans. They stun them with their stinging cells and tentacles. Its body only has two layers and consists of only seven types of cells.

[] http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/hydra

Uglena is 46.9 um long. Some Euglena species can produce breathing vesicles that resists drying of the cell. Although they appear to be green, a microscopic observation reveals the different organelles contained the organ as purple, pink, and light yellow. It is both autotrophic (being able to produce its own food) and heterotrophic (feeds on other organisms for food)

[] Blepharisma is 188 um long. Blepharisma is commonly found in ponds. When it is exposed to a high amount of artificial light, it releases a poisonous toxin, which disintegrates the creature. It is colorless in sunlit ponds.

[] =Cell Size Lab= In order from left to right is the 3x3, 2x2, and 1x1 cubes cut in half after they soaked for 10 minutes in the sodium hydroxide.

Analysis: The three cubes all had the same distance of diffusion after we sliced them in half from being in the sodium hydroxide. Since they were all different sizes, more of the volume was taken up in the smaller ones while less of the volume was taken in the bigger cubes. 2. Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain. The smaller cell was the most efficient because it took less time to fill the volume of the cell. The larger cell was the least efficient since there was a larger volume and surface area to cover/fill. 3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so? The calculations of the distance of diffusion, area of cube, and volume of cube explained what we observed in our cell models because it shows that no matter how big the cell was, it still absorbed the same amount at the same rate. 4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis. (Remember: Use an If....., then..... statement.) If the cell is smaller in size, then the efficiency of letting substances in is higher. If the cell is larger in size, then the efficiency of letting substances in will be lower and will take more time.
 * 1) Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half.

=Catalase Activity=

These are the foods after we applied the warm hydrogen peroxide. These are the foods after we applied the cold hydrogen peroxide. These are the foods after we applied hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

Our bacteria chart



The equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide is 2 H2O2 --> 2 H2O + O2. 2. What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common? Catalase belongs to the protein group. The members of this group are all polymers. 3. Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain. Yes, it is possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase. Catalase can be reused because it is the substance that breaks up other things. Since it itself is not being changed or broken down, it can be used again to break down another substance.
 * 1) Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

4. How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide? The reaction change stayed about the same between the room temperature and cold experiments. The numbers lowered (except for the reaction number of liver) when we put in warm hydrogen peroxide. 5. What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain Organisms won't be broken down, so we would just have a ton of dead or useless organisms that we can't get rid of.

= How many drops of water can fit on a penny? = Hypothesis:
 * Soapy water: 4 drops
 * Tap water: 3 drops

Average drops for Soap Water: 20 drops Average drops for Plain Water: 22 drops

Plain Water:

Soap Water:

Observation: The penny could hold more drops of plain water than it could soapy water. The penny with the plain water had created a dome when more and more water was added. The plain water created more surface tension with the penny.

=Light Intensity Activity= For the most part, as we changed the wave length, the number and percent of ATP went down. One thing we did notice, was that at 650 wavelength for each light intensity, the percent and number of ATP was extremely high compared to how the numbers were declining. Timed for 60 seconds

=Chromatography Lab= Ala's and Claire's paper Solvent front: 7 centimeters RF values: Four pigments are found in this leaf.
 * Light Intensity: 80 – Timed for 60 seconds ||
 * **Wavelength** || **% ATP** || *** ATP** ||
 * 400 || 26 || 3 ||
 * 450 || 6 || 1 ||
 * 500 || 3 || 1 ||
 * 550 || 6 || 1 ||
 * 600 || 8 || 1 ||
 * 650 || 34 || 4 ||
 * 700 || 2 || 1 ||
 * 750 || 1.2 || 1 ||
 * Green: 1
 * Light green: .93
 * Yellow: .83
 * Light Yellow: .64



RF Values of the Light green, Purple, and Pink pigments: Three pigments are found in this leaf.
 * Solvent front: 8cm
 * Light Green Pigment Front: 8 RF: 1
 * Purple Pigment Front: 7 RF: .88
 * Pink Pigment Front: 3 RF: .38

Comparing our lab groups' results, our pigments were not the same. In other groups, they could have been because of non exact measurements. Our pigment colors were different and our measurements were not even close to being the same. This leads us to conclude that they did not contain the same chlorophyll and pigments.