Team+Sweatshirt

flat =Members= Sarah E H Andy Welcome to Team Sweatshirt!

=DNA Discussion Questions=
 * 1) The five elements of DNA are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.
 * 2) The function of DNA from day to day is that it helps crime scene people identify other people. It gives you your personal traits.
 * 3) The long strands of double helical DNA wrap around the histone and stay coiled into one cheek cell.
 * 4) The purpose of the cell lysis solution is that it breaks the layer around the nucleus so you can see the DNA.
 * 5) It becomes visible because the DNA and the cold alcohol are opposites. It reveals the DNA.
 * 6) We can see the thin DNA because there is so much of it. It stretches on for miles.
 * 7) It is called the genetic fingerprint because it identifies you because everyone has different DNA.
 * 8) DNA is used everyday because they can you identify people. It tells certain things what to do and when to do it.

=DNA Replication Model =

A helicase is used to break the hydrogen bonds, creating the leading and lagging strands. Single stranded binding proteins are attached to the DNA strand in order to keep them from reattaching. DNA Polymerase III binds and begins replicating a complementary strand of DNA. As soon as an opening occurs the Okazaki Fragments creates pieces of replicated DNA and begins the replication of DNA.
 * Step One:**
 * Step Two:**
 * Step Three:**
 * Step Four:**
 * Green Base**- Cytosine
 * Yellow Base**- Adenine
 * Blue Base**- Thymine
 * Purple Base**- Guanine

DNA replication occurs so that a mother and father can give their children a copy of their genetic information. DNA replication starts on the leading strand of DNA. Step one the hydrogen bond is broken using a helicase in order to become a single strand of DNA. Step two a single stranded binding proteins must be added in order to keep the separated strands from coming together. Step three a primase is attached to the DNA to give a starting point. Step four a polymerase binds and begins to replicate the DNA.
 * Replication Summary:**

Next, replication of the lagging strand of DNA begins. To undergo replication it goes through the same four steps that the leading strand goes through with a few additional steps. After steps one through four occur the DNA strands form Okazaki fragments. These fragments are then bound together by a ligase. Okazaki fragments are needed so that when an opening occurs it can immediately be added to make a new strand. These are the steps of DNA replication of the leading and the lagging strands.


 * DNA Info: **


 * Telomere- ** Telomeres are very important to replication, they are needed so that the ends of chromosomes do not accidentally come back attached


 * Okazaki Fragments- ** Immediately after the DNA replication fork opens, a DNA polymerase begins to replicate a section of the strand, which is known as an Okazaki Fragment


 * DNA Ligase- ** DNA Ligase is used to join the Okazaki Fragments back together


 * Telomerase – ** it is an enzyme that adds telomere. It lengthens the strand so that it can complete the replication.


 * Cancer – ** The most distinguishing feature about cancer cells is that they grow indefinitely.


 * Transplanted cells – ** Cells are removed, transform them with the gene, and then are returned to the patient. But, cells are mortal, which means they will die.


 * Cloning – ** The length of the telomeres are shorter because of the nucleus was deprived of telomeres


 * Aging – ** The shorter the telomeres the shorter your life span could be

= Genetics Infographics = [] [] [] [] []
 * Resources**:

=Medaka and Casper Infographic=






 * DAY ONE CASPER: Hi my name is Bubbles, I am a Casper fish. Today was the first day I got to meet my new parents Andy my dad & Sarah my mom. They seem very nice and excited to see me.**


 * DAY TWO CASPER: This was the second day I got to see my parents. This was also the second day my parents cleaned my water and took pictures of me. I like when when my parents spend time with me. My parents also observed that they could see a lot more of my structures today! **


 * DAY THREE CASPER: Today was my third day with my family. I am starting to feel different and can tell I'm growing because my egg is feeling tight (or maybe I just need to diet!). I'm excited to get out of here and explore the world! Woo hoo! **


 * DAY SIX CASPER: This is day six and I haven't seen my parents for 2 whole days! It gets a little lonely being in this egg alone with no one to talk to. Finally all my parts are grown and I am ready to face the world. Today when my parents were taking pictures of me I got so excited to see them that I hatched! **

=** Diaper Dissection Lab **=


 * How well do diapers really work? Do they really absorb as much as they are advertised for? To find out we did a Diaper Dissection Lab. In this lab we looked at the layers of a diaper and how much the layers and the whole diaper itself absorbed. **


 * First, we cut a 2" by 1.5" piece of diaper. We then proceeded to dissect the layers from this piece of diaper. The first layer was thin and net like. The second layer was cotton, thick, rough, and sandy. Lastly, the third layer was medium thin, with thick paper.**


 * Next, we took the three diaper layers and tested their absorbance level. The first layer we added 1mL and it absorbed, but when we tried to add another 1mL it began to leak and overflow. The second layer we added a total of 10mL at a time. When water was absorbed into the diaper the sandy like substance absorbed the water and turned gel-like. The middle layer itself held about a whole 40mL. Lastly, the third layer slowly absorbed the water 1mL at a time and ended up absorbing about 5mL.**


 * Lastly, we tested a 4.5" by 3.5" diaper capacity for absorbance. For this piece we added 10mL every time to the diaper, leading to it holding a whole 400mL. While, the diaper was absorbing it began to grow and expand. While, it was growing the cut area began to bulge out and overflow. This showed us that when the three layers are all put together they can hold an impressive amount of liquids.**


 * While researching the dangers of disposable diapers, we found that diapers are bleached white with chlorine. The byproducts of chlorine are called dioxins and according to the EPA, these are the most toxic chemicals known to science. Another chemical found in diapers is tributyl-tin or TBT. This chemical is extremely harmful to aquatic life and causes hormonal disruptions in aquatic organisms. Some diapers contain chemicals called volatile organic compounds or VOC’s which cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, damage to the liver, kidney and central nervous system as well as cancers. In addition to these chemicals, it takes nearly 500 years for a diaper to decompose. **


 * http://www.livestrong.com/article/111348-chemicals-disposable-diapers/ **