Fantastic+Four

flat =Members=

Kara S Hunter S Ivy P Courtney B

=Characteristics of Woody Stems= 1. Count the sections between bud-scale scars and determine the age of your twig. Both twigs are 5 years old.

2. Has growth in length occurred the same rate each year? No sometimes it grows farther certain years.

3. Why? The reason why growth has not occurred the same rate each year because some years the twig grew longer, and in other years the twig did not grow that much. All the space between bud scars is different lengths apart.

4. Examine your twig and determine how many leaf scars are located at a node. There are two leaf scars located at a node on both twigs.

5. Classify the leaf arrangement as opposite, alternate, or whorled. The leaf arrangement is opposite on both twigs

6. Examine the twig and determine the number of nodes produced for each growing season (the space between two nodes is called an internode.) There are 2-3 nodes on the first twig. There are 3 nodes on the second twig.

7. Is the same number of nodes produced each growing season? No there is not the same number of nodes on the first twig. Two of the five years had 3 nodes, and three of the five years had 2 nodes. On the second twig the number of nodes was the same

8. Do all the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars and is the arrangement the same? No, all of the leaf scars are ranged from 3-7 bundle scars on them on first twig. The arrangements are all the same, they all form a V. Some of the V’s are taller, and some of the V’s and shorter and wider. On the second twig they have the same number of bundle scars and the arrangement is the same.

9. Describe the form and location of the lenticels. They are small dots scattered all over the outside of the twig. The forms would be small circles or ovals. The location is scattered along the whole twig.

10. What is the function of the lenticels? The function of the lenticels is that they allow gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues.

=Thumb Wars Infographic=



=Monocots and Dicots Lab=


 * Corn Seed**




 * 1) Can you find the young leaves inside the seed? Yes.
 * 2) How many are there? One.
 * 3) Which part of the seed do you think is the seed coat? The outside is the seed coat.

The corn seed is a monocot.


 * Bean Seed**




 * 1) Try to open another corn seed like you did the bean seed. Can you do it? No you can't.
 * 2) Why or why not? You can take off the skin coat on the bean, and then it comes apart into two halves, but the corn seed has a hard coat which protects the flesh on the inside, so you have to cut it open with something sharp.

The bean seed is a dicot.


 * Split Pea**



The pea seed is a dicot because it has two cotyledons.


 * Stem Slides**


 * Dicot**




 * Monocot**

What are the differences between monocot and dicot stems? The difference between the monocot and dicot stems is that the monocot stems are vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem, while dicot stems are vascular bundles that are arranged in a ring. What is the function of each of these tissues? The function of the phloem is that it carries glucose throughout the plant. The function of the xylem is that it transports water and minerals throughout the plant. The function of the pith is that it is a storage area in the cell. The function of the cortex is that it is the place where water and minerals move through from the epidermis toward the center of the root. The function of the epidermis is that it serves as a source of protection and absorption.


 * Herbaceous and Woody Stems**

The difference between an herbaceous and a woody stem is that a woody stem is made primarily of cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body. On the other hand, an herbaceous is smooth and non- woody, and it does not produce wood as it grows. Also, an herbaceous dies at the end of the growing season to soil level, while a woody stem remains alive during the dormant season and grows shoots the next year from parts above the ground.

__Herbaceous:__ __Monocots:__ Lilies Grass __Dicots:__ Roses Sunflowers

__Woody Stems:__ __Monocots:__ Palms Bamboo __Dicots:__ Maple Tree Hickory Tree

Resources: [] [] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem#Monocot_stems] http://mrswolfgang.wikispaces.com/Monocots+and+Dicots+Space+Cadets http://www.edurite.com/kbase/differences-between-herbaceous-and-woody-stem#

=Characteristics of Living Things Lab=

Flask A- milky white color, foam at the top, clear at the top, gets darker the farther down Flask B- clear at the top dark at the bottom, really dark, Flask C- bubbly at the top, caramel (light brown/tan) color, the same color throughout After some time the Flask C tube that was blue changed to yellow because carbon dioxide was present. The other flasks tubes stayed blue because there was no carbon dioxide.
 * Before**
 * Beginning Observation**

Flask A- stayed the same. Flask B-stayed the same. Flask C- the blue tube turned yellow.
 * After**
 * After Observation**

The yeast in this picture is budding.
 * Yeast Picture**
 * Yeast Observation**

1. Why did the bromothymol blue change colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube? The carbon dioxide in his breath turned the bromothymal yellow. 2. What does the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicate about the yeast? The yeast doesn’t have carbon dioxide on its own but with molasses, because molasses is a sugar like glucose, uses respiration to makes carbon dioxide..
 * Analysis/Conclusion**

3. How can you **be sure** that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast? Yeast is a living thing.

4. What does the presence of buds indicate about the yeast? The buds show the yeast can reproduce because it’s a living thing.

5. Why were more buds present in one of the mixtures? More buds were present in the mixture with yeast and molasses because the glucose gave energy to stimulate the budding.

=Comparing Plant and Animal Cells=

Onion skin cells with iodine on them.
 * Onion Cell**

1. Describe the shape and arrangement of the onion cells.(2) The Onion Cells were rectangular and close together.
 * Questions:**

2. What happened to the cells when concentrated salt solution was added to the cells? (1) Why do you think this happened?(1) The cells shrunk when the salt solution was added. The salt absorbed the water out of the cells causing them to shrink.

The size of each onion cell is about 125 um.

Cheek cell with Methylene blue added to it.
 * Cheek Cell**

1. Describe the shape and arrangementcheek cells.(2) The cheek cells were rounded and scattered.
 * Questions:**

2.What was the purpose of adding the Lugol's iodine or Methylene blue to the slide?(1) They act as indicators making the cell a different color and making the nucleus stand out.

The size of each cheek cell is about 75 um.

=Cell Transport=


 * Diffusion**

Diffusion occurred in the dialysis bag with starch and the tap water with iodine.

Diffusion- In this picture, the dialysis bag with starch and tap water with iodine went through the process of diffusion. The dialysis bag with starch had a lower concentration than the water with iodine. This means that the dialysis bag with starch was the hypotonic solution and the water with iodine was the hypertonic solution. This proves that it went through diffusion because it went from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Then, the two solutions tried to become equal, or isotonic. Also, the selectively permeable membrane, the dialysis bag, let the iodine in it turning the starch solution black because the iodine acted as an indicator. Osmosis occurred in both the flask with the potato and salt water and the potato and tap water.
 * Osmosis**

Osmosis- In these pictures, the potatoes with tap and salt water went through the process of osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water. It goes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the tap water, the water was hypertonic and the potato was hypotonic because the tap water had a higher concentration of water than the potato. In the salt water, the potato had a higher concentration of water than the salt water did. Therefore, the potato was hypertonic and the salt water was hypotonic. Then, the water from the higher concentration, the potato, moved to the lower concentration area, the salt water. This caused the potato to shrink.

=Cell Model=

=Protists Lab=

Blepharisma is a single cell organism. They also have cilia, short hair like structures, that help them put food in their mouth and move around.They also are unique because they are a shade of red or pink. The blepharisma in size is 188 um.
 * Blepharisma**

[] []

Hydra are freshwater invertebrates, and can be found in most freshwater ponds, streams, and lakes. Hydra are very flexible. The mouth of the hydra is at the top with about 10 tentacles surrounding it. The size of the budding hydra is about 3000 um.
 * Budding Hydra**

Sources: [] []

Spirostomum are unicellular, although they can grow up to 4mm, which means they can be seen without the help from a microscope. They reproduce with binary fission, which is an example of asexual reproduction. Spirostomum are found in both salt and fresh water. The size of the spirostomum is about 750 um.
 * Spirostomum**

Sources: [] []

=Cell Size Lab=

These are the agar cubes after they were soaked in sodium hydroxide for 10 minutes.
 * After**


 * Data Table**
 * Work**


 * __1x1x1__**

SA=1x1x6 SA=6 sq. cm

V=1x1x1 V=1 cubic cm

SA/V=6/1= 6:1

R=.5/10 R=.05 cm/min


 * __2x2x2__**

SA=2x2x6 SA=24 sq. cm

V=2x2x2 V=8 cubic cm

SA/V= 24/8=3/1=3:1

R=.5/10 R=.05 cm/min


 * __3x3x3__**

SA=3x3x6 SA=54 sq. cm

V=3x3x3 V=27 cubic cm

SA/V= 54/27= 2/1= 2:1

R=.5/10 R=.05 cm/min


 * Analysis**

1. Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half. The sodium hydroxide penetrated ½ centimeter in each cube because it penetrated at the same rate because it was the same substance. On the 1x1x1 cube the hydroxide penetrate all the way to the center. On the 2x2x2 the substance was half a centimeter away from the center. On the 3x3x3 cube the substance was one centimeter away from the middle.

2. Which"cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain. The 3x3x3 cell was the least efficient in getting the substance into the cell. The 1x1x1 cell was the most efficient. The 3x3x3 was the worst because it had to penetrate more and the 1x1x1 was the best because there was less space for it to penetrate.

3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so?

4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis. (Remember: Use an If....., then..... statement.) If there is a greater surface area to volume ratio, then it is more efficient. If the cell is smaller, then it is more efficient.

=Catalase Lab=

Cold Hydrogen Peroxide Test- Room Temperature Hydrogen Peroxide Test- Hot Temperature Hydrogen Peroxide Test-

Data Table-

1.**Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.** H2O2 --> H2O +O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide breaks down into water and oxygen) 2. **What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common?** Proteins. The members of this group all have enzymes that consist of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. 3.**Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain.** It is possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase because biomolecules break down into different substances that can be reused. 4.**How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide?** The amount of reaction changed between the temperatures by well cold being the lowest of the temperature groups and hot being the greater. They were all around the same number rates though looking at all of them. But looking at all, you could put together that some were larger than the others. 5. **What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain** If biomolecules like catalase become useless then the organism might not survive or it might slow down. The catalase is supposed to speed things and make it easier so if it isn’t working then the process will take much longer.

=Penny Lab=


 * Soapy Water**

As we put water droplets on the penny, the water droplets stuck to each other and formed a "bubble" over the penny. Eventually, there were too many drops and the water overflowed. Ivy and Hunter guessed that the penny could hold 8-10 drops of soapy water.

1) 12 drops 2) 13 drops 3) 16 drops 4) 15 drops Our average number of droplets on the penny was 14.
 * Results with soapy water:**
 * Pure Tap Water**

We did tap water for the drops on the penny. As we put drops on the penny, you could see that at the beginning the drops would spread out when they dropped. Towards the end, piling up with water they just went on top of one another till it go to full and overflowed. Kara’s guess was 18 drops on one penny, and mine was 15 drops on one penny.

1) 14 drops 2) 21 drops 3) 27 drops 4) 30 drops Our average amount of drops on the penny is 23.
 * Results with tap water:**

=Light Intensity Activity=

We hypothesized that a wavelength of 450 and a light intensity of 160 would make the % of maximal ATP and highest number of ATP. Our hypothesis was wrong though. A wavelength of 650 and a light intensity of 160 made the % of maximal ATP and the highest number of ATP. For the stimulation, we each had a certain wavelength, and changed the light intensity each time for 30 seconds. We found out that the best possible conditions for making the maximum of ATP is a high light intensity and a high, but not the highest, wavelength.

Here is a photo of our best result:

=Chromatography Lab=

Paper with leaf pigment.

Yellow- 3.3cm/5.75cm = .57 Green- 5.3cm/5.75cm = .92 Yellow/Green- 5.75cm/5.75cm = 1
 * Data**

Yellow RF= .57 Green RF= .92 Yellow/Green RF= 1 Paper with leaf pigment.

Yellow and green were pigments in almost every leaf we compared. Our RF factors for the yellow pigment were around the same as other groups. The yellow pigment was consistent in almost every experiment. The yellow was closest to the bottom and then the green pigment was above. Our RF factors for our green pigment was a similar number to other groups. Therefore, the pigments in leaves remain consistent. Most leaves had the same pigments which means they had the same kind of chlorophyll. Some leaves had different kinds of chlorophyll and pigments. For example, some leaves also had different pigments like yellow, orange, pink, and purple, which means they have different chlorophyll.
 * Lab Report**