Vanilla+Wafer+Shazam

flat =Members= Jerad Brandon Ty Ryan

=Woody Stem= Characteristics of Woody Stems

1. Count the sections between bud-scale scars and determine the age of your twig.- A)12 years old, jerad’s-5yrs 2. Has growth in length occurred the same rate each year?- A)Started out growing a few inches each year, then began to grow a little bit each year 3. Why?- A)food production slowed (less rainfall) and wasn’t getting the same amount of nutrients it began to get when it first started.

At intervals along the twig, you will find circular, oval, or shield shaped leaf scars, which mark the point of attachment of leaf petioles from the previous season. Leaf scars are located at the nodes. 4. Examine your twig and determine how many leaf scars are located at a node.- A) 2 5. Classify the leaf arrangement as opposite, alternate, or whorled.- opposite 6. Examine the twig and determine the number of nodes produced for each growing season (the space between two nodes is called an internode.)- A) 2-4 7. Is the same number of nodes produced each growing season? A) No, it started out with 2, then grew to 4 as the twig got bigger Examine a leaf scar and notice minute dots called bundle scars, which show the location of the xylem and phloem that carried water and minerals from stem to leaf.

Look for lateral buds located along the sides of the stem. These are smaller than the terminal bud and are usually different in shape. Lateral buds situated above the leaf scars are axial buds. Examine the internodes for tiny pores called lenticels. These are especially common in younger bark. 9. Describe the form and location of the lenticels. A) they don’t have any specific form and are located in between each node 10. What is the function of the lenticels? A) serve as a place of gas exchange on the twig

Take a picture of the woody twig and label: terminal bud, axial bud, bud-scale scars, bundle scar, leaf scar, lenticel, node, and internode.

=Anatomy of A Twig=

= = = = =Thumb Wrestling Infographic=



=Monocot and Dicot Lab=


 * Corn Seed**


 * Bean Seed**

==


 * Monocot Seed**


 * Dicot Seed**

=** Characteristics of life lab **=


 * Analysis/Conclusions: **
 * 1) Why did the bromothymol blue change colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube? A: CO2+H2O---H2CO3(Carbonic acid) It changed colors because the student was putting Carbon Dioxide into the tube.

2. What does the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicate about the yeast? A: It indicates that the yeast is living. 3. How can you **be sure** that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast? A:You can be sure by the bromothymol tubes were hooked up to the yeast breakers.

4. What does the presence of buds indicate about the yeast? A: The presence of buds shows that the buds are reproducing.

5. Why were more buds present in one of the mixtures? A: If molasses is mixed with water it reproduces faster.

Picture of Budding Yeast

We observed flask A that contained Yeast and Water was slightly foaming which meant that yeast was reproducing.

We observed flask B that contained Yeast, Water and Molasses was foaming alot which means that the yeast were reproducing in large numbers.

=Plant and Animal Cell Lab=

Cheek Cell 1. The cheek cells are round and are spread out. 2. The purpose of adding Lugol's iodine to the cheek cell is to distinguish the cell and nucleus easier.



Onion Cell 1. The onion cells are rectangular and are closely packed together. 2. When the salt was added to the onion cell it shriveled up. We think this happened because the salt draws out the moisture in the cell and makes the cell membrane shrink.

Onion Cell (Salt Solution Added)



=Cell Transport= A potato should not be dropped into salt solution if you don’t want it to turn brown. The potato that was dropped into the salt solution lost its needed H2O. This happened due to the hypertonic reaction between the salt and water. In all, this entire reaction is caused by osmosis. After the potato sat in the salt solution for a day it turned brown and looked rotted.

When the starch was in the bag. We sealed it and the iodine water got into the bag. So, at the beginning when we put the bag into the iodine water was hypertonic because it contained a bigger concentration of iodine than the starch solution inside the dialysis bag. Which was hypotonic. During the night the two solutions became isotonic as the iodine diffused. This is diffusion because it involves movement of the iodine, not the water. There was a reaction when the iodine water and the starch solution mixed. It turned into a black substance.

Iodine and Water Solution

Regular Tap Water

Salt Solution

=Cell Model=



=Protist Lab= ==

http://www.amazingfacts.in/2010/06/amazing-facts-euglena.html http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botsyl01/microalg/euglenaf/euglena.html



=Cell Size Lab=



Agar Cubes with Phenolphthalein Analysis:


 * 1. Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half.**

The phenolphthalein diffused into each cube the same amount of distance. They were all different because the 3x3x3 cube had the phenolphthalein a 1/6 of the way through it, the 2x2x2 cube had the phenolphthalein a 1/4 of the way through it, and the 1x1x1 cube had the phenolphthalein the whole way through it.

The 3x3x3 cell seemed to be the least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell because its size made it harder for the substance to diffuse into it, while the 1x1x1 cell was the most efficient at getting outside substances into the cell because its size made it easier for the substances to get into it because the phenolphthalein didn’t have to travel far to get the whole way into the cell.
 * 2. Which “cell”, seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain.**


 * 3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so?**

If a cell is larger, then it is less efficient. Because bigger size makes the substance travel farther into it, it takes up more time and the cell’s energy to get the substance the whole way into the cell, while being a tiny cell makes it easier because the substance can diffuse into it easier.
 * 4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis. (Remember: Use an If....., then..... statement.)**

=Catalase Activity= Cold temperature reaction



Room temperature reaction



Warm temperature reaction




 * 1) Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. **2 H2O2 --> 2 H2O + O2**

2.What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common? **Proteins, all proteins break down and reduce stuff.**

3.Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain. **No**, **Enzymes keep working until they are denatured. Once they are denatured the sugars can not fit into them, so they stop working.**

4. How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide? **From cold to room temperature some stayed the same or raised a little the potato and ground beef rose a little more. From room to warm the potato and chicken liver both rose a little more. The potato kept rising throughout.**

5.What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain **It would not be able to release oxygen, would not decompose, it would not be able to reduce things. It won’t form hydroxyl if it’s useless.**

= **How Many Drops of Water Can Fit on a Penny?** =


 * Plain Water –**




 * 1) of Drops

1. 21

2. 20

3. 19

4. 21

5. 26

Average: 21

Observations:

It rounded off at the top, like a button, then the surface tension would break and leak out a side.


 * Soapy Water –**




 * 1) of Drops

1. 14

2. 12

3. 27

4. 15

5. 31

Average: 20

Observations: When we just dropped the drops of water in the middle we got a lower number, but when we started on the outside and then went to the middle we got a higher number.
=Light Intensity Activity=





We believe that higher light intensity and lower wavelength produce the most ATP based off our results. On test 2, the highest amount of ATP made was from the lowest possible wavelength. The best possible conditions for making the most ATP are low wavelength and high light intensity.

=Chromatography Lab=



Our leaf's pigment had an Rf value of 1. Other groups had Rf's of .6 to 1. From these results we concluded that not every leaf has the exact same pigment as another leaf. If all leaves had the same chlorophyll and pigments, all their Rf values would be the same. We had two pigments in our experiment. The solvent ended at 5 1/2 centimeters. A green color stopped at 3 1/2 centimeters, and a light, yellow-green was 2 centimeters long after the first pigment front. Since the pigment went the whole way to where the solvent ended, our Rf value was 1.