DNA

flat =Introduction= Why is DNA called the "blueprint of life?" = = =DNA vocabulary=

=DNA notes= []



=DNA Webquest= = = =DNA scientists rubric=


 * CATEGORY || ** 4 ** || ** 3 ** || ** 2 ** || ** 1 ** ||
 * ** Originality ** || Product shows a large amount of original thought. Ideas are creative and inventive. || Product shows some original thought. Work shows new ideas and insights. || Uses other people\'s ideas (giving them credit), but there is little evidence of original thinking. || Uses other people\'s ideas, but does not give them credit. ||
 * ** Content ** || Covers topic in-depth with details and examples. Subject knowledge is excellent. || Includes essential knowledge about the topic. Subject knowledge appears to be good. || Includes essential information about the topic but there are 1-2 factual errors. || Content is minimal OR there are several factual errors. ||
 * ** Requirements ** || All requirements are met and exceeded. || All requirements are met. || One requirement was not completely met. || More than one requirement was not completely met. ||
 * ** Oral Presentation ** || Interesting, well-rehearsed with smooth delivery that holds audience attention. || Relatively interesting, rehearsed with a fairly smooth delivery that usually holds audience attention. || Delivery not smooth, but able to hold audience attention most of the time. || Delivery not smooth and audience attention lost. ||
 * ** Cooperation ** || Worked cooperatively with partner all the time with no need for adult intervention. || Worked cooperatively with partner most of time but had a few problems that the team resolved themselves. || Worked cooperatively with partner most of the time, but had one problem that required adult intervention. || Worked cooperatively with partners some of the time, but had several problems that required adult intervention. ||


 * Requirements – **
 * The main achievement of the scientist was addressed
 * The work of the scientist was related to at least two of the other scientists
 * Presentation was kept under 5 minutes

= =

Write a one page summary covering the following scientists, be sure to include the main accomplishment of each scientist and relate their findings to one of the other scientists. Fredrick Griffith - Oswald Avery - Alfred Hershey + Martha Chase - Erwin Chargaff - Rosalind Franklin - James Watson + Francis Crick
 * Scientists Make up assignment**

=DNA Games= http://nature.ca/genome/04/041/041_e.cfm

http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna_double_helix/dnahelix.html

=DNA Story= Corresponding comic @http://www.vuvox.com/collage/detail/046818f9ff =Lab: DNA Extraction from Human Cheek Cells=


 * Introduction**

DNA…you hear about it all the time. DNA is used every day by scientists and lawyers to help in criminal investigation, paternity suits, cloning, etc. Your DNA is your “genetic fingerprint”—this means that your DNA is like no one else’s in the world! The procedure that we will use to see your DNA includes the same basic processes that researchers use to isolate, analyze, and manipulate DNA in a laboratory setting (although the DNA isolated here is not nearly as “pure” as the research lab version).

If you remember back to Chapter 2, DNA is a nucleic acid, made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. DNA can be considered the hereditary “code of life” because it possesses the information that determines an organism’s characteristic and is transmitted from one generation to the next. You receive half of your genes from your mother and half from your father. Day to day, DNA’s job is to direct the functioning within the cells of your body.

DNA is in the nucleus of almost every cell in your body. The length of DNA per cell is about 100,000 times as long as the cell itself. However, DNA only takes up about 10% of the cell’s volume. This is because DNA is specially packaged through a series of events to fit easily in the cell’s nucleus. The structure of DNA, the double helix, is wrapped around proteins, folded back onto itself, and coiled into a compact chromosome.

Individual chromosomes can be studied using microscopes, but the double helix of a chromosome is so thin that it only be detected through innovative, high-tech procedures. Chromosomal DNA from a single cell is not visible to the naked eye. However, when chromosomal DNA is extracted from multiple cells, the amassed quantity can easily be seen and looks like strands of mucous-like, translucent cotton.

We will first collect cheek cells by swishing a sports drink in our mouths and using our teeth to scrape cells off our cheeks. (The more vigorous and the longer that you swish, the more cells are removed, and the more materials you’ll have from which to extract DNA.) Then, we will lyse the cell membranes by adding a detergent based cell lysis solution, which allows the DNA to be freed. DNA is soluble in water, but much less soluble in alcohol. Thus, alcohol will be slowly added, and DNA will precipitate to the sports drink/alcohol interface, and you will be able to see your own DNA! The white, stringy material is thousands of DNA molecules stuck together (with some proteins too).


 * Procedure**
 * 1) Label your 15mL test tube with a piece of tape and your initials
 * 2) Obtain a small cup of sports drink and swish it around in your mouth for __1 full minute__. As you swish, gently and continuously scrape the sides of your cheeks with your teeth to help release your cheek cells.
 * 3) Spit the drink (with your collected cheek cells) back into the small cup.
 * 4) Pour the contents of the cup into your labeled test tube (discard the cup).
 * 5) Holding the test tube at an angle, use the provided plastic pipet to add 2mL of cell lysis solution to your collected cheek cells.
 * 6) Cap your test tube, and invert it 5-8 times. (This mixes the lysis solution with the cheek cells.)
 * 7) Allow this to stand for 2 minutes.
 * 8) Using the provided pipet, add the cold alcohol //by letting it run gently run down the side of the test tube (hold the test tube at an angle)//. Add the alcohol until your total volume reaches 12-13mL. You should have 2 distinct layers. __DO NOT__ mix the cheek cell solution with the alcohol!!!
 * 9) Watch as wispy strands of translucent DNA begin to clump together where the alcohol layer meets the cheek cell solution. (It kind of looks like cobwebs extending upward.)
 * 10) Place your 15mL test tube in a test tube rack and let it stand undisturbed for 15 minutes. During this time the DNA will continue to precipitate out.
 * 11) Optional—use a plastic pipet to transfer your DNA into a smaller test tube. To do so, place the pipet near the DNA and draw the DNA into the pipet (along with some alcohol). __Do not__ move your pipet up and down into the bottom layer.


 * __ Discussion Questions - POST on your team page! __**

***Please answer in complete sentences where you __restate the question in your answer. ( 4 points)__


 * 1) What are the 5 elements that make up DNA?
 * 2) What is the function of DNA from day to day?
 * 3) Describe how long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell.
 * 4) What was the purpose of using the cell lysis solution?
 * 5) Why does the DNA become visible once the alcohol is added?
 * 6) If DNA is so thin, how is it that we are able to see it during this simple lab exercise?
 * 7) Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint?
 * 8) Give some examples of how DNA is used everyday.

ALSO post a picture of the best sample of DNA that your group had.

Homework Question ( complete individually and turn in on your individual wiki page - be sure to use complete sentences ) -( 6 points) Did everyone in your group have about the same extraction results? Why is this the case? How is the amount of DNA that you extracted affected by your day to day activities?

DNA extraction virtual lab http://amser.org/index.php?P=AMSER--ResourceFrame&resourceId=1454

=DNA Replication Song= Lyrics:

Deoxyribonucleic acid Is made of two strands Which twist into a double helix So then the strands come apart Nitrogen bases - they start To unzip by DNA helicase 2 H-Bonds! Between adenine and thymine 3 H-Bonds! Between cytosine and guanine (but) They're weak bonds! The sugar-phosphate form the strongest bond (called) Phosphodiester bonds DNA polymerase builds the new Strand from the 5' to 3' direction 2 H-Bonds! Between adenine and thymine 3 H-Bonds! Between cytosine and guanine (but) They're weak bonds! The sugar-phosphate form the strongest bond (called) Phosphodiester bonds Now I can see that it's replicating In a way that's most, interesting (yeah!) No matter the distance the leading strand Is followed by the lagging one! Finally, the ligase seals up all the breaks A new, a new, a new DNA..... AND IT STARTS AGAIN Oh how I love Biology It's better than Chemistry And next time I have to go pee I know What's happening inside of me DNA! it has the code that holds all my genes DNA! it's much more simpler than what it seems DNA! and now that I know more Biology I can say what's happening inside of me Now I know what's happening inside of me

= DNA Replication Activity =

= DNA Replication Summary Score Checklist =

DNA replication summary checklist
 * 1) Information was provided in a way that the average person would understand DNA replication (3 points) _
 * 2) The summary includes why DNA must replicate, the differences between the leading strand and the lagging strand, all the necessary enzymes and protein (6 points)
 * 3) __Summary was posted on individual wiki (1 point)__

=DNA replication model project=


 * **Use Scratch, Draw.to, [], add drawings in word, use any paint program, or hand draw and photograph to show DNA replication.**
 * **Be sure to show individual steps in some manner on your diagram and add a sentence or two describing what is happening.**
 * **You must have 9 bases on your DNA strand I.**
 * **Include a key or label your diagram to show what each item is.**
 * **You will need to take a screen shot (apple/shift/4) to place on your wiki page.**
 * **Write a brief description of what happens in DNA replication and in what phase of mitosis DNA replication happens.**
 * Use the following site [] to create information in**
 * your own words about telomeres, okazaki fragments, dna ligase, telomerase, cancer, transplanted cells, cloning, and aging.**

Students will model DNA and show the steps of DNA replication || **2 pts** || ** Fair ** **4 pts** || ** Good ** **7 pts** || ** Excellent ** **10 pts** ||  || **10 pts** Drawing/model is accurate showing all essential components (sugar/phosphate backbone, all 4 bases, double helix) || Many components of DNA are missing or not labeled and base pairs are not correctly matching. || One or two components involved in making DNA are missing or mislabeled || All components are labeled properly || All components are labeled properly and show an extra effort for clarity and detail and ALL bases are labeled. Model is showing the double helix. Base pairs are correct. ||  || **10 pts** Shows DNA unzipping || Does not show DNA unzipping || DNA unzipped and not labeled || DNA unzipped but partially labeled (not all bases labeled) || DNA is shown unzipped with bases labeled with correct letter ||   || **10 pts** Shows that nucleotides are used to build other halves of DNA || Does not show new halves of DNA being built. || Shows something being built, but model is unclear || Correct nucleotides used to build other halves of DNA but not labeled. || Correct nucleotides used and labeled to build other (new) halves of DNA ||  || **10 pts** Shows two identical copies of DNA || Does not show two new molecules of identical DNA strands. || Two molecules of DNA that are identical to the original DNA but is not in a twisted ladder format and is not labeled. || Two molecules of DNA that are identical to the original DNA but is not in a twisted ladder format and is labeled. || Two molecules of DNA that are identical to the original DNA. It is completely labeled (bases labeled correctly) and is in a twisted ladder format. ||  || **10 pts** Explains the purpose of DNA replication and what could go wrong if there are mistakes (mutations). || Does not give an explanation as to the purpose of DNA replication and does not give examples of genetic mutations. || Gives an explanation of the purpose of DNA replication but does not give examples of genetic mutations. || Explains thoroughly the purpose of DNA replication and provides general examples of mutations || Explains thoroughly the purpose of DNA replication including all the steps and discusses what phase of mitosis replication occurs. As well as including information about telomeres, okazaki fragments, dna ligase, telomerase, cancer, transplanted cells, cloning, and aging. ||  ||
 * =** DNA Replication Model Project Rubric **=
 * || ** Poor **
 * ** Model **
 * ** First step of DNA replication **
 * ** New halves of DNA built **
 * ** Two molecules of DNA **
 * ** Why DNA needs to copy **

=Structure/ Replication Reveiw=

=Protein Synthesis Note Sheet -=

I f absent or need more information visit - http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/transcription/intro.html

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/translation/intro.html

Be sure to go through each concept and fill out the note sheet!

=Transcription Worksheet to complete=

=Transcription Interactive= http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/popups/int_transcription.html

=Translation Worksheet to complete=



=Translation Interactive= http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/popups/int_translation.html

=Protein Synthesis Web-Quest=



=DNA's Secret Code= Activity • Write down a secret message to a friend or family member on a sheet of paper. Keep the message relatively short. • Using the DNA code below, translate the message into DNA code. As you will notice, all possible English letters and numbers have a specific DNA codon. • Give the secret message to the person you want to send it to. • As you gain more practice with the code, you will be able to send messages faster and translate them easier. • You can practice decoding using the messages below

HINT: Every time the codon TTG appears, that indicates a space in between two words. 1) CTC ACA AAG ATG AAT AGA ATC ACG TTG CTC GCT CGG TTG AGA CAG TTG ACC CCA ATC

2) GAC CCA ATA AAA ATC TTG CTC GCT CGG TTG AAG ATG ATC CAT AAA AGA ATC CAG TTG TCG TTG AAC AGA AGT AGT AGA ATG ATC TTG AAC AAA CAG ACA TTG ATT AAA AGA CAC CAG

3) GTC ACT ACA TTG CAT ATG CAT AAA AGT TTG AGT ACA ATC ACG CAT ACT TTG ATG ACC TTG CTC GCT CGG TTG AGA ATC TTG TCA TTG ACT CCA ATA AAA ATC TTG ACA CAA CCA AAA AGT CAG TTG TGG TTC TTG CAC ATG CCA ATC AAT TTG CAT CAC AGA ATT CAG TTG ACC CAC ATG ATA TTG CAT ACT ACA TTG CTG AAA CAC CAT ACT TTG CAT ATG TTG CAT ACT ACA TTG GTA CCA ATC

**Creating a Transcription & Translation Flip Book ****Must have at least 15 pictures!! ** Read more: [|How to Make a Flip Book on the Computer | eHow.com] [|http://www.ehow.com/how_7243500_make-flip-book-computer.html#ixzz1lpWq6DQu]
 * Key points in Protein synthesis: **
 * DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell.
 * The sequence of DNA nucleotides forms the genetic code.
 * RNA polymerase separates the 2 strands of DNA and then matches an RNA nucleotide to each DNA nucleotide.
 * This chain of RNA nucleotides forms a molecule of messenger RNA.
 * The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus.
 * A ribosome assembles around the messenger RNA
 * The ribosome reads the sequence of codons in the messenger RNA and matches a transfer RNA molecule to each codon.
 * The ribosome assembles the amino acids brought by the transfer RNA into a chain.
 * The finished chain of amino acids is a protein.
 * How to create a flip book – **
 * Draw the first image for your flip book in a graphics editing software. For example, you could draw a boy standing still. [|Save] it in a location you will remember with a name showing that it is the first page of your flip book, such as "Flip book 1."
 * Modify the first image slightly. For example, you can move the arm of the boy from the first image as if he was lifting it to wave. Save this second image in the same location where you saved the first one, using a different name such as "Flip book 2" to indicate that it is the second page of your flip book.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Repeat the process until you have enough images for your flip book. You should create at least 15 different images.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Launch a word processing software and create a new document.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Create a table with a solid border in the document. The table should have two columns and half as many rows as you have images.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Insert one image into each table cell, aligning them to the right of the cell. You may need to resize the images so that all the table cells are the same size. Save the document so you can make more copies of the flip book in the future.

=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Transcription and Translation Flip Book Rubric = Flip book check 1- Transcription 1.Cell nucleus 2. DNA code for 10 amino acids 3. Promoter region 4. Coding region 5. Termination sequence 6. RNA Polymerase 7. mRNA strand 8. mRNA through nuclear pore. Flip book check 2- Translation 1. Cell cytoplasm 2. mRNA 3. Ribosome 4. Start Codon 5. tRNA - anti codon 6. tRNA - amino acid 7. Peptide bond 8. Stop codon 9. 10 amino acids 10. Completed protein
 * CATEGORY || 5 || 3 || 2 || 1 ||
 * Accuracy || 95% or more of the assigned structures are drawn accurately and are recognizable. All assigned structures are labeled accurately. || 94-85% of the assigned structures are drawn accurately and are recognizable. All assigned structures are labeled accurately. || 94-85% of the assigned structures are drawn accurately and are recognizable. 94-85% of the assigned structures are labeled accurately. || Less than 85% of the assigned structures are drawn AND/OR labeled accurately. ||
 * Labels || Every item that needs to be identified has a label. It is clear which label goes with which structure. || Almost all items (90%) that need to be identified have labels. It is clear which label goes with which structure. || Most items (75-89%) that need to be identified have labels. It is clear which label goes with which structure. || Less than 75% of the items that need to be identified have labels OR it is not clear which label goes with item. ||
 * Drawing - details || All assigned details have been added. The details are clear and easy to identify. || Almost all assigned details (at least 85%) have been added. The details are clear and easy to identify. || Almost all assigned details (at least 85%) have been added. A few details are difficult to identify. || Fewer than 85% of the assigned details are present OR most details are difficult to identify. ||
 * Steps of Transcription || All 5 steps of transcription are accurately depicted || 4 steps of transcription are accurately depicted || 3 steps of transcription are accurately depicted || 1-2 steps of transcription are accurately depicted ||
 * Steps of Translation || All 5 steps of translation are accurately depicted || 4 steps of translation are accurately depicted || 3 steps of translation are accurately depicted || 1-2 steps of translation are accurately depicted ||
 * Summary || The steps have been summarized on the last page of the flip book ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Requirements.**

http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1302

=DNA Snork Activity=

=Protein Synthesis Review Questions= =Protein Synthesis Review web-quest= =Additional Help= Need help with replication? Visit http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_replication/index.html
 * 1) What are the steps of transcription?
 * 2) What are the steps of translation?
 * 3) List three differences between DNA and RNA
 * 4) List the three types of RNA. And state their function (what they do and where they do it)
 * 5) What enzyme is used to produce a new strand of RNA?
 * 6) Which molecule contains the genetic code?
 * 7) Be sure you can transcribe a gene and determine the complementary amino acids.
 * 8) Be sure you can identify all the parts (see flip book requirement list) of both transcription and translation.

If you are having trouble with protein synthesis visit the following website! http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html

=Mitosis/cell cycle Introduction= Through our class discussion we will answer the following:
 * 1) What events does a cell undergo in its life?
 * 2) What controls mitosis?
 * 3) Why does mitosis occur?

=Mitosis Internet lab= Complete the following: Other sites of interest: []

=Meiosis= Complete the following: Other sites of interest: [] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divide.html# =Mutations= [|http://www.nature.ca/genome/04/0413_e.cfm#010]

Complete the following:



=Types of asexual reproduction= Describe the process, advantages/disadvantages, and examples of organisms that reproduce by the following: Binary Fission Budding Spores Regeneration Vegetative propagation Cloning

=Mitosis/meiosis Study Guide=

=Stem Cell Webquest=