Double+Trouble

flat =Team members=

Kara Courtney



=DNA extraction lab=
 * 1) What are the 5 elements that make up DNA? **The 5 elements that make up DNA are Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorus.**
 * 2) What is the function of DNA from day to day? **DNA guides the cells to make new protein.**
 * 3) Describe how long stands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell.** Long strands of DNA fit into the nucleus of a cheek cell by DNA packaging, which DNA is tightly packed into structures called chromosomes around histones. **
 * 4) What was the purpose of using the cell lysis solution? ** The purpose is that it helps break down the cell membrane so the DNA is released and visible. **
 * 5) Why does the DNA become visible once the alcohol is added? ** DNA becomes visible after the alcohol is added because it is precipitated by the ionic solution. **
 * 6) If DNA is so thin, how is it that we are able to see it during this simple lab exercise? **We are able to see it during this lab because the DNA is so long, that the DNA wraps and winds together and becomes thicker and visible.**
 * 7) Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint? **It is referred to as your genetic fingerprint because no one’s fingerprint is the same as another person’s.**
 * 8) Give some examples of how DNA is used everyday. **Two examples are crime scenes and to find family members.**



=DNA Replication Model = Double Helix 1st & 2nd Step 3rd Step Double Helix

The purpose of DNA replication is that so you get more genetics from your parents and they make you, your own self. The DNA holds your information of yourself. If there were mistakes that DNA strand containing the information that it contains would probably go wrong in some way. Like something would either be physically or mentally wrong with you in the field. A syndrome, or a fatality may be the case for those too.
 * Why DNA needs to copy?**

=**DNA Replication Summary**= In DNA, there are four base pairs called Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, and Thymine. Adenine and Guanine always pair together and they are called purines. Cytosine and Thymine always pair together and they are called pyrimidines. DNA has two strands called the leading strand and the lagging strand. For DNA replication to happen, the first step is the enzyme, helicase, breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the base pairs together. In order for the two strands to stay apart from each other, single stranded binding proteins get attached to both the leading strand and the lagging strand. The third step in DNA replication is that the enzyme called Primase attaches to the leading strand and binds and forms a starting point for replication. The last step is for the enzyme called polymerase to bind and replicate the DNA. The leading strand is the main strand of the DNA double helix. The leading strand is the strand that replicates continuously. The leading strand and the lagging strand replicates in the opposite directions from each other. The lagging strand has fragments of DNA called Okazaki fragments, and lastly the enzyme “ligase” joins and binds the Okazaki fragments together. The lagging stand also contains Okazaki fragments because they synthesize it.

Telomeres are long sections at the end of chromosomes. They keep the ends of the several chromosomes in the cell from becoming attached to each other. Okazaki fragments work in opposite directions. DNA ligase closes the Okazaki fragments back together. Telomerase adds telomere duplication arrangements to the 3’ end of DNA strands. Most cancers express telomerase, cancer stem cells divide nonstop causing growth of your tumor. Cancer is essentially a disease of mitosis. Cancer occurs when normal tissue grows out of control. Transplanted Cells is removing bad cells and replacing them with good cells. Cloning and replication are about the same. There is a difference, which is that DNA cloning is a man-made process, and DNA replication is a natural process. Aging is the production of free radicals, or toxic oxygen.

=Genetics Infographics=

Vocab Infographic By: Courtney Barnes Resources: Biology Book &Notes Pictures: PowerPoint Clipart Gallary

By: Kara StClair

=Medaka Infographic=

By: Courtney Barnes

Resources: http://animals.about.com/od/fishes/a/tenfactsfishes.htm

By: Kara StClair

= Diaper dissection report = First, we took the diaper and cut it in half then observed it by looking at the layers. We then took apart the three different layers. After that, we observed each layer by itself and we looked at the characteristics. The top layer, known as the polypropylene, looked like tissue paper. We predicted it would keep liquids inside. The middle layer, known as the absorbent pad, was cotton like. We predicted that it absorbs the liquid and keeps in the beads. The next layer would be the bottom layer, known as Polyethylene. That just kept the liquids in too and was just a design. After adding water to each layer, the first layer absorbed some of the water and gave the diaper shape. The middle layer did all of the absorbing and held the water in place because it was all absorbed. The bottom layer just stopped the diaper from leaking water out. Some environmental effects of disposable diapers on landfills are that they pose serious risks to people and the environment. 20 billion disposable diapers are dumped in landfills each year, accounting for more than 3.5 million tons of waste. Viruses in a baby’s waste could end up leaking into local water supplies, which can cause illnesses or deaths. They also release methane into the air, which would be bad because it would replace oxygen and you’d breathe that in. Observations we got were that half of our diaper held approximately 448mL of water. Our outside layer held in approximately 186mL of water, but it did not absorb it, it just held it in. The middle layer held in approximately 251mL of water with the help of the beads. Lastly, the inside layer held 11mL of water.

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