Team+2+Wonderful+Wombats

flat =Members= Jake W Mason Y Andrew P John K

=Twig lab=

1. Count the sections between bud-scale scars and determine the age of your twig. **2 and 3 Years old.** 2. Has growth in length occurred the same rate each year? **No some more some less.** 3. Why? **There could’ve been a drought one year causing it to grow less. Or a lot more nutrients or rain making it grow more.** 4. Examine your twig and determine how many leaf scars are located at a node. **There are 2 leaf scars located at a node** 5. Classify the leaf arrangement as opposite, alternate, or whorled. **Opposite** 6. Examine the twig and determine the number of nodes produced for each growing season (the space between two nodes is called an inter node.) **about 2 nodes per season.** 7. Is the same number of nodes produced each growing season? **Yes it appears to be about 2 per season.** 8. Do all the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars and is the arrangement the same? **YEYAH they all have 7 and all are all arranged the same way.** 9. Describe the form and location of the lenticels. **They appear all over the twig and they are very small oval shaped dots.**





=Monocots and Dicots= There is one new leaf forming at the top of the cotyledon. The seed coat is the thin red layer surrounding the entire seed. Corn is a monocot

The lima bean is a dicot. The corn seed, shown previously, could not be opened the same way as this seed.

The split pea is a dicot, because it easily breaks into two halves without being cut. Any seed that does this is a dicot





The main difference between monocot and dicot stems is their structure arrangement, in monocots, the ground tissue is not differentiated; the vascular bundles are open and scattered. In dicots, the ground tissue is differentiated into cortex...and pith; and the vascular are open and arranged in a ring shape. Epidermis- the epidermis is the outermost layer of the stem, made up of parenchymatous cells covered with cuticle Vascular Bundles- contain the xylem and phloem which are to plants as blood vessels are to mammals Ground Tissue- the function of the ground tissues is to store food and for gaseous exchange. Cortex- lies below the epidermis and is differentiated into three zones. Under the epidermis, there are minute layers of collenchymas cells known as hypodermis who's main function is to give mechanical strength to the stem. Under the hypodermis, a few layers of chlorenchyma cells are present with intracellular space and it is the region of photosynthesis and the third zone contains parenchyma cells. The innermost layer of the cortex is called the endodermis and they are barrel in shape and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces. Pith- composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant.

=Herbaceous and Woody Stems= Dicot Buttercup, sunflower. || Palms, bamboo, monocot Walnut tree, Peach tree, dicot || Herbaceous stems die off each year at the end of their growing seasons. And have to regrow from a seed.
 * Herbaceous Stems || Woody Stems ||
 * Monocot, corn, daffodil

Woody stems regrow buds and the stem stays around each year.

1. Why did the bromothymol blue change colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube? 2. What does the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicate about the yeast? 3. How can you **be sure** that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast? 4. What does the presence of buds indicate about the yeast? 5. Why were more buds present in one of the mixtures?
 * Analysis/Conclusions: **
 * Answer: Carbon dioxide was entering the liquid which cause it to become more acidic **
 * Answer: The yeast was undergoing respiration and fermenting the molasses. **
 * Answer: Because molasses does not produce carbon dioxide by itself, the only change in the substance was the addition of the yeast so it must’ve produced the carbon dioxide **
 * Answer: The yeast is reproducing. **
 * Answer: The mixture was providing more food for the yeast so it had enough energy to reproduce. **

=Comparing Plants and Animals= The average size of each of these cells is 375 microns from end to end. The cells are round corner rectangles meaning that they are rectangular in shape but with rounded corners; and they are arranged in an alternate formation. When the salt solution was added to the slide, at first nothing happened but after a few minutes the cell membranes began to shrivel up. This was due to the salt causing a change in osmosis. The salt absorbed the water and caused a change in shape of the membrane, a similar effect happens when someone goes swimming for an extended period of time; their hands become wrinkled because the cells are trying to reach equilibrium with the water outside through a process called osmosis.

Each cell is approximately 187.5 microns in diameter. The shape of each cheek cell is circular because it's an animal cell. They're arranged freely. The purpose of the Methylene Blue was to make the parts of the cell stand out against each other, defining specific parts. This was taken in 10x magnification.

=Cell Transport= The first beaker on the far left contains a small plastic blood filter with cornstarch solution inside, surrounded by a solution of iodine and water. The content of iodine in the blood filter was hypotonic to the content of iodine in the rest of the beaker. The middle beaker has a single potato slice soaking in a solution of plain tap water. The amount of water surrounding the potato slice is hypertonic to the amount of water in the potato slice. The beaker on the far right contains a single potato slice soaking in a solution of saltwater.

The object on the far left is the plastic blood filter containing the corn starch. The middle object is the potato slice that soaked in the saltwater solution. And the object on the far right is the potato slice that soaked in plain tap water.

Through diffusion, the iodine in the first beaker (where the content of iodine was hypertonic to that in the blood filter) passed through the membrane of the blood filter and stained the cornstarch dark purple in an attempt that occurs in every situation in nature to reach equilibrium. In the potato slice that was soaked in saltwater, osmosis occurred. The amount of salt surrounding the potato slice caused the water to be absorbed and to leave the potato slice, again in an attempt to become isotonic (or to reach equilibrium). Osmosis occurred a second time in the object on the far right but in the opposite direction. Because there was no salt in the water surrounding the potato slice, water was absorbed by the cells in the potato and the entire object hardened. Once again, this was nature's attempt to reach equilibrium. In summary, osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and diffusion is the same process only with every substance that is not water.

=Cell Model=

=Protist Lab=

Blepharisma
 * 1) Blepharisma reproduce sexually
 * 2) Blepharisma are filter feeders
 * 3) Blepharisma always come in a pinkish color

Daphnia
 * 1) Known as "water flea"
 * 2) When the conditions become unfavorable for the daphnias (too cold, not enough food or water) females produce male eggs
 * 3) Young daphnias are all female like their mother. The daughter daphnias are actually their mother’s twin sister

Stentor
 * 1) Stentor is horn shaped
 * 2) It is among the longest single celled organisms
 * 3) Stentor come in a variety of colors

=Cell Size Lab= Surface area of 1 cm. cube is 6 square cm. Surface area of 2cm. cube is 24 square cm. Surface area of 3cm. cube is 54 square cm.

Volume of 1cm. cube is 1 cubic cm. Volume of 2cm. cube is 8 cubic cm. Volume of 3cm. cube is 27 cubic cm.

All of the cubes are .5cm diffused.

Rate of diffusion: 0.5 / 10 = 0.05 cm/m

SA/V= 6 ||. 5cm. || 0.05cm/m || SA/V= 3 ||. 5cm. || 0.05cm/m || SA/V= 2 ||. 5cm. || 0.05cm/m || 1.There wasn’t really any difference except that their height had been divided in half and this change was present in all of them. 2. Each of the cells was equal at getting outside substances inside of them because they were made of the same material. 3. All of the calculations are required to fully understand the process but the one that shows our observations the best is the rate of diffusion because it shows how fast the change occurred and that it was the same for every “cell”. 4. If they are all made of the same material and they were all submerged in the same substance for the same amount of time then size has no relativity to the amount of diffusion and the pattern is the same each time.
 * Cube Size || Area of Cube || Volume of Cube || Surface Area to Volume Ratio || Distance of Diffusion || Rate of Diffusion ||
 * 1x1x1 || 6 square cm. || 1 cubic cm. || SA/V= 6/1
 * 2x2x2 || 24 square cm. || 8 cubic cm. || SA/V= 24/8
 * 3x3x3 || 54 square cm. || 27 cubic cm. || SA/V=54/27
 * Analysis:**



=Catalase Lab=








 * || Potato || Liver || Ground Meat || Beans ||
 * Room Temp. || Slight bubbling and foam || Significant bubbling and sizzling, bubbles filled half of test tube || Only sizzling, bubbles did not rise above level of hydrogen peroxide || Extremely low sizzling with no bubbling, material floated ||
 * Cold || Same amount of bubbling and foaming but the sample material floated in the hydrogen peroxide || Overzealous bubbling and sizzling, bubbles spilled over top of test tube || Significant sizzling but little bubbling, material sank in liquid || Some sizzling with thin bubbling ||
 * Hot || Less bubbling and foaming; material still floated || Overzealous bubbling and sizzling, bubble reached over top of test tube but formed a column and did not spill || Significant sizzling with some bubbling, material rose in liquid || Sizzling with slight bubbling ||

1. 2H2O2 à 2H2O + O2 2. Catalase is an enzyme because it ends in “–ase.” Everything that ends in “–ase” is an enzyme. 3. It is possible to reuse biomolecules because enzymes continue to work unless they are denatured by a source of heat or a difference in the pH level. 4. The most reaction occurred with extreme temperatures. Very hot or very cold; the closer the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide was to room, the less the reaction. 5.When enzymes wear out, they get broken down by other enzymes into amino acids. The body uses these amino acids for other various purposes.

= Water on a Penny Lab =

Regular Water

First Test- 38 drops

Second Test- 27 drops

Third test- 53 drops

Fourth test- 42 drops

Average- 40 drops. Our original hypothesis was that it would only hold around 27 drops but it proved capable of much more. This happened because the water had surface tension which helped keep it on the penny along with water's adhesion to the penny.

Soap Water

1st test- 43 drops

2nd test- 18 drops

3rd test- 42 drops

4th test- 23 drops

Average- 31.5 drops

Our average amount of drops for the soapy water was 31.5 drops. It was less than the average for water without soap because the soap reduced the surface tension of the water. Our original guess was that it would hold about 18 drops.

=Light Intensity Activity= Our hypothesis at the start of this experiment was that wavelength was more important that light intensity, and that it was the type of light that mattered. To test this theory, we all set our light intensity levels to 200 and chose different wavelengths. The first group member set a wavelength of 425 and then we each had 100 higher than the group member before us. Group member 2 had 525; member 3 had 625; and member 4 had 725. This hypothesis proved to be true; the group member with the lowest wavelength had the most energy produced in one minute and the highest percent of maximal ATP. So our final hypothesis was this: with maximum light intensity, the closer to ultraviolet wavelength creates more ATP; and the closer to infrared creates less ATP.


 * **WAVELENGTH** || **LIGHT INTENSITY** || **ATP %** || **ATP per MINUTE** ||
 * 425 || 200 || 100% || 10 ||
 * 525 || 200 || 10% || 1 ||
 * 625 || 200 || 58% || 6 ||
 * 725 || 200 || 4% || 1 ||

Group Member 1

Group Member 2

Group Member 3

Group Member 4

=Chromatography Lab= Our solvent front was 5 1/2 centimeters from the two centimeter line. There were two pigments visible in this experiment: green and yellow. The pigment front for green was the same as the solvent front, making the Rf value 1. The yellow pigment front was 5 centimeters from the two centimeter line, which made for a rounded Rf value of 0.9.