Dazzling+Duo

flat =Members=

Hunter Ivy

=Lab: DNA Extraction From Human Cheek Cells=

8.Give some examples of how DNA is used everyday. **DNA is used everyday by lawyers and genetic scientists to help with criminal investigation, paternity suits, and cloning.**
 * 1) What are the 5 elements that make up DNA? **The five elements that make up DNA are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.**
 * 2) What is the function of DNA from day to day? **The function of DNA from day to day is that it directs the functioning within the cells of your body.**
 * 3) Describe how long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell. **Long stands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell by folding itself and wrapping itself around proteins, or histones, and packaging itself into chromosomes in the nucleus.**
 * 4) What was the purpose of using the cell lysis solution? **The purpose of using the cell lysis solution is that it breaks the cell membrane and the histones that the DNA is wrapped around and releases and frees the DNA.**
 * 5) Why does the DNA become visible once the alcohol is added? **The DNA becomes visible once the alcohol is added because it cannot stay dissolved once the alcohol is added. Also, once the alcohol is added, the DNA will precipitate to the sports drink/alcohol interface, and you will be able to see the DNA.**
 * 6) If DNA is so thin, how is it that we are able to see it during this simple lab exercise? **We are able to see the DNA during this simple lab exercise because there is DNA coming from multiple cells and the amount of it is able to be seen.**
 * 7) Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint? **DNA is referred to as our genetic fingerprint because, just as our fingerprints, our DNA is like no one else's in the world.**



= DNA Replication Model Project =


 * Double Helix DNA**
 * Step 1- Helicase binds and breaks apart DNA**
 * Step 2- Single stranded binding proteins keep strand from coming back together**
 * Step 3- Primase binds and forms a starting point/ Okazaki fragments synthesize lagging strand**
 * Step 4- Polymerase binds and replicates DNA**


 * DNA Replication Summary **

In the first step of DNA replication, an enzyme called helicase binds and breaks apart the DNA into two parts called the leading strand and the lagging strand, which synthesize in different directions. This makes the DNA in the shape of a fork, called a replication fork. Then, a protein keeps strands from binding together, which is called a single stranded binding protein. After that, primase, an enzyme that gives a starting point, binds and forms a starting point in the DNA. Lastly, an enzyme called polymerase binds and replicates the DNA. In the lagging strand, fragments called Okazaki fragments are formed, and an enzyme called ligase joins the fragments together. The Okazaki fragments are used to synthesize the lagging strand. This is how DNA is replicated for genetic information to be passed on from parent to offspring.

**Research**

The purpose of DNA is that it stores, copies, and transmits genetic information in every living thing. The process of replication copies the genetic information so it can be passed on through living things. It is also needed during mitosis and cellular division. Mutations can occur when nucleotides don’t line up correctly in replication. The different types of mutations are substitution, deletion, insertion, and frameshift. The telomeres are the ends of the chromosomes that hold all of the genetic material inside. As you age, the telomeres get shorter and when they get too short, the cell dies. The shortening of the telomeres cause you to age. Telomeres cause a cell to become cancerous because as the cell divides, the telomere becomes shorter. When the cell realizes it is about to die, it may become cancerous and activate an enzyme called telomerase that allows the telomeres to stop shrinking. The DNA replicates during the Interphase phase of mitosis. In the interphase phase of mitosis, the DNA replicates during S (synthesis) phase. Okazaki fragments sections synthesize sections of the lagging strand. DNA ligase puts the Okazaki fragments together when replicating the lagging strand. When transplanting cells, they take the cell from someone and add the gene it was unable to make and then they return the modified cell to the person. When cloning, they take a nucleus from another cell. When they were cloning they noticed that the telomeres were shorter then in a normal sheep.

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 * Resources:**

= Transcription and Translation Flip Book =

media type="custom" key="12658750"

=Genetics Infographic=





[] [] [|https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AlUSISFTqhaldGdESFQtNUFYcllJbWp3cEVGMktsYVE#gid=0] [] [] [|https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AlUSISFTqhaldHVNa3E5ZHVsWFUxaGhfTmlxM21DbVE#gid=0] [] [|http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/mytheyecolor.html] [|http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/mythtongueroll.html]
 * Resources:**

References: Black Chicken- White chicken- Speckled Chicken- Blue Eyes- Brown Eyes- Family- Crime Scene tape-

= Medaka Infographic =

[] Powerpoint on Embryology Page on Wiki []
 * Resources: **

=Diaper Dissection= First, we cut the diaper in half and separated each layer of one of the halves. We found out that there were three layers. We then made predictions of the functions of each of the three layers. We guessed the bottom/outside was mostly for design, to hold the liquids inside, and to prevent leakage. It also reminded us of tissue paper. We guessed the middle layer was to absorb the liquids. It reminded us of cotton. We guessed inside lining of the diaper layer was to keep the liquids inside. It reminded us of dryer sheets. We then tested our guesses by pouring the water on each layer. We found out the outside/bottom does not absorb anything but it can hold 186 ml of water. When we tested the middle layer we found out that can absorb 251 ml of water. The inside lining of the diaper absorbed 11 ml and it allowed the liquid to pass through into the middle layer, which does most of the absorbing. Together they can absorb 448 ml of water. Diapers can be bad for the environment. They take 500 years to decompose and also contain many chemicals that could leak out into our water supply.

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