Reichard

flat = = =About me= Hi, my name is jesse. I enjoy cycling and riding dirt bikes. I have lived in the country since I was born. Most of my time is spent riding or working. I have two pets, a German short hair pointer Riley and a Russian dwarf hamster Baby.

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= = = = =Norway Spruce= My tree is the Norway Spruce. It's scientific name is picea abies. Some other trees that it is related to are firs, larches, pines, hemlocks, and all other spruces. Being that it has its leaves all year long, it is coniferous. When you pull off aneedles, they only come off one needle in agroup. Some distinguishing characteristics of the tree is that the cone is usually 4-7 inches long, it has a fine toothed margin, and has dark green (3/4") needles. The most common use for the Norway Spruce is as a Christmas tree. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_spruce



=Bitternut Hickory= My second tree is the Bitternut Hickory. Its scientific name is Carya cordiformis. Some other trees it is related to are the Pecan and other Carya (hickories). Hickories are deciduous trees since they have leaves. The leaves' margin is toothed. It has a compound (pinnate) petiole and opposite leaves. Three distinguishing characteristics are that the leaves are 7 - 13 cm long, there are 7 - 11 leaves per petiole, and the fruit tastes very bitter hence the name, bitternut. Some uses for the tree is pulpwood, paneling, dowels, tool handles, and ladders. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitternut_hickory

=Biomolecules in Food Analysis= Our tests show that when apple is mixed with benedict there was a reaction. The apple with biuret, nothing happened, apple with iodine, nothing happened, and apple with Sudan, nothing happened, which shows that there aren’t really any carbohydrates, fats, simple sugars, or protein in apples. The egg was a different story, the benedict, biuret, iodine, and Sudan all had a reaction showing that there are all four things in an egg. For the avocado, it had reacted to all four tests also, showing that in contained these four things. I was surprised that our tests show there are no simple sugars in an apple; since apples have a sweet taste I figured there would be fructose in it. I didn’t think that there were fats in the avocado either. When I do some research on apples it says online that there are some simple sugars in apples, whereas our tests said there aren’t any.

=Food Issues Infographic=

=Photosynthesis=

=DNA Extraction From Human Cheek Cell=
 * 1) What are the 5 elements that make up DNA? **Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen**
 * 2) What is the function of DNA from day to day? **It guides the cell to making new proteins to determine what we are and who we are**
 * 3) Describe how long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell. **The double-helical shape means that it is in a spiral form, meaning more can fit into a smaller space.**
 * 4) What was the purpose of using the cell lysis solution? **It made the line with the alcohol so you could see where the DNA formed.**
 * 5) Why does the DNA become visible once the alcohol is added? **DNA becomes visible after the alcohol is added because the DNA is insoluble in the cold alcohol solution and precipitates out of the solution.**
 * 6) If DNA is so thin, how is it that we are able to see it during this simple lab exercise? **we used a solution to break down the phospholipid bilayer which makes it easier to see since its wound around the histones**
 * 7) Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint? **it contains all your genetic information that only you have**
 * 8) Give some examples of how DNA is used everyday. **Genetic replication, scientists, lawyers, and criminal investigations**


 * Homework Question :** No, not everyone had the same results. The results of our tests can be affected by what we eat, weather we have braces or not, if you drink anything right before the test. There are many different things that could change the outcome.

=DNA Replication Simplified = DNA is the acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid. To complete DNA replication in simple terms, first the double helix structure (the twist in the DNA) unwinds. This is done by helicase, which breaks the hydrogen bonds into a replication fork. Once it is split, single stranded proteins will attach to keep them from bonding together. Primase is the starting point for the replicated side of DNA (can only start on 31 end). DNA polymerase then adds a replicated side of DNA like the old one to make the “new” strand of DNA.

=DNA Infographic=

=DNA Replication Model=

DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded, it is in the shape of a twisted ladder. There are 4 steps to the replication of DNA. Step one is to break apart the hydrogen bonds, to form the replication fork. The replication fork is where the helicase breaks DNA strands apart, and the single stranded binding proteins. The second step of DNA replication is that the single stranded binding proteins attach. The single stranded binding proteins are a flower shaped structure, what they do is keep the strand from coming back together. The third step is to attach primase this is an enzyme that gives a starting point for the replication to occur. You must always attach the primase on the 3’ (three prime) end of the leading DNA strand. The fourth step of DNA replication is when it attaches the polymerase to the leading strand adding nucleotides to each side of the DNA strand. The lagging strand does the same thing except for it only adds short bursts of replicated DNA, these are called Okazaki Fragments. The DNA ligase fills in to make a full strand of DNA. This is the four easy steps to DNA replication. DNA replication occurs in the S stage of Mitosis. This stage occurs during the Interphase.

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=Did You Know Article= We dissected a baby diaper to see what different layers were inside of it and what each layer did. To dissect the diaper we cut down the middle and to the side to get a 2x2" piece of absorbing material. Once we identified the layers we put two droppers full of water on the inside to see how the gel expands to absorb the water. On the remaining diaper, we dumped 150mL of water to where the diaper seemed at its max. The layers go as followed: The first layer, closest to the baby acted as a barrier from the liquid to be against the baby. This was a cotton type material with a waxy feeling. The second layer was a fluffy cotton substance that was the first absorbing layer. After the second layer there were small bead like pieces that turned to gel absorbing the water and keeping it from going anywhere. The next layer is the same as the second, it was a cotton type material that also absorbed liquid. Then the outside layer formed as the barrier from liquid and the contents from getting out or leaking through the diaper. It also had the decorative designs for proper baby fashion. The problem with regular diapers is that they accumulate when thrown in landfills and cannot be disposed of.