Nightingales

flat =Members= Kameron R. Zane D.

=DNA Lab= 1. DNA is made of the elements of Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Carbon.

2. It tells the cells what to do and how to do it.

3. It is wrapped on histones and those are folded and it continues to folded again and again.

4. It destroyed the cell so that the DNA could escape.

5. The DNA cannot be dissolved so it floats to the top of the cold alcohol.

6. Because the DNA was folded, so during the experiment, we weren’t seeing individual strands, we were seeing clumps.

7. DNA is unique to each individual such as every person has a different fingerprint.

8. DNA affects your everyday because it tells the cells how to do the important processes that keep you going. They also affect you if you have genetic disorders, which would affect your everyday life.

=DNA Replication =

Key: Blue = Guanine Green = Cytosine Red = Thymine Yellow = Adenine

 * First the enzyme Helicase attaches to the strand of DNA that is to be duplicated.**


 * Helicase unzips the DNA and Single Stranded Double Proteins attach to the DNA to keep them from coming back together. The shape that it forms is known as the Replication Fork.**


 * When DNA splits it forms two strands, the Lagging Strand and the Leading Strand. Each strand duplicates in different directions, toward the replication fork and away from the replication fork. On the Leading Strand, Primase attaches a RNA primer on to the DNA to give Polymerase a starting point. Polymerase attaches to the strand and starts to replicate the DNA. Because it replicates towards the fork it can replicate continuously with out stop. On the Lagging Strand, it has to wait until some DNA is replicated, attach a RNA at the top, toward the replication fork, and Polymerase replicates away form the fork. Because of this it replicates in Okazaki Fragments. Okazaki Fragmets are then stitched together by Ligase(the little pink enzyme, I forgot to label it.).**


 * The result is two identical sets of DNA. It is important for DNA to duplicate because of mitosis. During interphase of mitosis, DNA replicate to split into two set of DNA each to go to one of the new cells. If DNA didn't replicate, cells couldn't replicate and we would die. Also, some disorders are caused by DNA replication problems. Sometime the become mutated and can start causing problems.**
 * Telemeres are sequences on the end of chromosomes that help protect them through each mitosis. When a chromosome duplicates it shrinks slightly. Since telemeres are just the repetitive sequences over and over, they shrink to protect the other DNA. Cancer cells are also interesting when it comes to duplication. Normal cells only divided a certain amount of times but cancer cells are almost immortal and divide infinitely without end.**

=Transcription Flipbook= Transcription is done in five steps. First RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and unwinds it. Next RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA. After that RNAP reads DNA and creates mRNA. Then RNAP hits a stop code and releases the mRNA. Finally mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters cytoplasm.

=Translation Flipbook= Translation is also done in 5 steps. First, rRNA forms a Ribosome. Then mRNA binds to ribosome and is read. After that tRNA proof reads mRNA and transfers amino acids. Next, Amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bond. Finally, the Ribosome hits the stop codon and completes the protein.

=Genetics Infographics=



=Medaka Infographic=


 * We would like to thank the group, Dazzling Duo, for providing us with pictures after our group's unfortunate incident with technology.**

=**Diaper Disection**= First we cut the diaper in half, one for the layers test and the other for the overall diaper. Then we peeled apart the layers and found 3 layers and we poured water on them till the where saturated.

We predicted the outside would repel water, the middle would absorb water, and we weren’t sure what the inside layer would do.

The inner “packing paper like” layer absorbs water, the middle “cotton like” layer absorbed a lot of water, and the outside “paper towel like” layer repels water and is slightly absorbent.

We also observed that the diaper started to warm up after it absorbed the water even though the water we added was cold

We think that disposable diapers are bad in landfills because the absorbent materials will move through the soil and then if it rains they will absorb it and swell taking up more space and the generate heat when they absorb water and that’s bad.