Wasicki+&+Seitz

= = flat = = =Members:= Ty CJ S.

=DNA Extraction Lab=

1. The 5 elements that make up DNA are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus.

2. The everyday function of DNA is to carry the genetic information.

3. Long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell because they wrap around histone and then hook with another and coils up tightly into the chromosomes.

4. The purpose of using the cell lysis solution was to break the cell up, therefor the nucleus broke apart allowing us to see the DNA.

5. DNA becomes visible once the alcohol is added because DNA cannot be dissolved in the cold alcohol solution, which means it wont break up into the solution.

6. We are able to see it during this simple lab exercise because the cold alcohol slows the reactions with the enzymes which would have normally broken down the DNA into the solution

7. DNA is referred to as your genetic fingerprint because it carries all your genetics and everywhere you leave behind DNA it can be used to figure out who you are. Also, every fingerprint is unique and different in it’s own way just like DNA.

8. It can be used to identify people at risk of genetic dependent disease or potentially fatal genetics traits such as cancer.



=DNA Replication Project =



The purpose of DNA replication is the continuation of hereditary traits. What could go wrong if there are mistakes is that you could have deformations, mental retardation and many other mutations.

Telomeres are long stretches at the end of chromosomes that keep the DNA from deterioration during replication. The Okazaki fragments are the fragments of DNA on the lagging strand that allow it to catch up to the leading strand and finish replicating. The DNA ligase binds the okazaki fragments together to from a complementary strand to the lagging strand. Telomerase is the enzyme, which adds the telomeres to the 3’ end of strands of DNA. Telomerase in cancer gives the cancer cells the ability to grow rapidly on its own. In transplanted cells, telomerase removes cells, allows the patient to synthesize the gene that it has been unable to do so to, and then returns the cells. For cloning, telomeres shorten over time and lose essential genetic information that is needed to survive because the nucleus is deprived of telomerase. The aging causes the mitosis cycle to slow down and they begin to die earlier after dividing compared to a younger host.

In DNA replication, the DNA is split into two halfs. In the first step, hydrogen bonds are broken by using the enzyme helicase. By breaking the hydrogen bonds, you have split the DNA. Step two is to keep the two strands from coming back together by using single stranded binding proteins. The enzyme that replicates DNA is polymerase. Pirmase is also attached to give the starting point for the leading strand. On the lagging strand of DNA there are fragments called okazaki fragments. These give the starting point and also form complementary fragments on the lagging strand since it falls behind the making process of the leading strand. Lastly, ligase binds the fragments together. The stage of mitosis that all this occurs in is the synthesis phase.

=Genetic Vocabulary=

http://animalphotos.info/a/topics/animals/mammals/rodents/guinea-pigs/

http://animal-world.com/encyclo/critters/guin_pig/GuineaPig.php

http://burning-liquid.deviantart.com/art/The-World-in-my-Eyes-22985143

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=Medaka Infographic=







=Diaper Lab=

Number of layers: 3 layers Total amount cut: 5 inches Absorption level-

1st: does not hold much water: held 2 milliliters 2nd: Leaked a little at 30 milliliters but could hold up to 50. 3rd: same as layer one: held 2 milliliters

Absorption of half a diaper is 325 milliliters The entire thing could hold up to 650 milliliters

In conclusion, an entire diaper can hold up to 650 milliliters but not without the help of all three layers.