Ivy+P

flat =About Me=

Hi, my name is Ivy. I am a freshman at Punxsutawney Area High School. I love playing sports like softball, volleyball, and basketball. I am also very artistic. In my spare time, I like to hang out with my friends and family, shop, and sleep. In the future, I hope to attend the University of Pittsburgh to major in teaching.

=Norway Spruce=

My tree is the Norway Spruce. Its scientific name is //Picea abies//. It is related to other trees like Spruces, Firs, Larches, Pines, and Hemlocks. It is a coniferous tree. Since it is coniferous, it's a spruce and it has only one needle in a bundle. It has many distinguishing characteristics. For example, its leaves are arranged on twigs, are sharp-pointed, four-sided, dark green, and about 3/4" long. Also, the bark of the Norway Spruce is reddish-brown and roughened with thick scales. This tree is used as an ornamental. The wood of the Norway Spruce is used for paper pulp, boxes, crates, and lumber.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea_abies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea_abies

Resources: http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/trees/spruce_norway/tabid/5421/Default.aspx http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1081.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea_abies

=Cucumber Magnolia=

My tree is the Cucumber Magnolia. Its scientific name is //Magnolia acuminate//. It is related to other trees like other Magnolias and Tulip trees. It is a deciduous tree. Since it is deciduous, it has smooth margins, it is simple, and it has alternate leaves. It has many distinguishing characteristics. For example, the leaves are 12-25 centimeters long and 6-12 centimeters wide. The leaves come in two forms, acuminate at both ends or moderately cordate at the base. The flowers are greenish-yellow from April until early June then mature into a dark red color. The trees are used as shade trees for parks and gardens. The flower buds and flowers are edible so you can use them as a source of food. You can also use the bark for cold and toothache remedies.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_acuminata



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_acuminata

Resources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_acuminata http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/treeDetail.cfm?id=145 http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/trees/cucumber/tabid/5360/Default.aspx http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MAAC

=Biomolecules in Foods Lab=

For the lab, I tested the apple. The apple did have simple sugars present in it because when I heated the apple with the Benedict's solution, it turned an orange/red/yellow color. The apple also did have starch present in it because when I added the iodine to the apple, it changed to a black/purple color. However, the apple did not have any fat present in it because there was no deep red color at the interface of the substance when I added the Sudan IV. Lastly, there were no proteins present in the apples because when I added the Biuret solution to the apples, the solution did not change to a light purple color. Another food that our group tested was chicken liver. In the liver, starch, proteins, and fats and oils were present in it. However, there were no simple sugars present in the liver.

In most vegetables, which include cannellini beans, potatoes, peas, and lettuce, the presence of simple sugars, fats, and proteins was absent. However, the presence of starches was present.

In most fruits, which include avocado, banana, and apple, the presence of sugars, fats, proteins, and starches were all present, although some were very close.

In most meat, which includes liver, ground beef, and egg whites and yolks, the presence of sugars and starches were absent, while the presence of fats and proteins were present.

Lastly, in the milk, the presence of sugars and starches were absent, while the presence of fats and proteins were present.

Present || Starches Absent || Fats Present || Fats Absent || Proteins Present || Proteins Absent ||
 * Foods || Sugars Present || Sugars Absent || Starches
 * Cannellini Bean (8) || 0 || 8 || 8 || 0 || 5 || 3 || 7 || 1 ||
 * Liver (9) || 2 || 7 || 5 || 4 || 9 || 0 || 9 || 0 ||
 * Egg White (9) || 0 || 9 || 0 || 9 || 0 || 9 || 9 || 0 ||
 * Avocado (10) || 7 || 3 || 8 || 2 || 10 || 0 || 3 || 7 ||
 * Potato (4) || 0 || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 3 || 1 ||
 * Milk (7) || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 6 || 1 || 7 || 0 ||
 * Egg Yolk (9) || 4 || 5 || 5 || 4 || 9 || 0 || 9 || 0 ||
 * Pea (10) || 2 || 8 || 7 || 3 || 0 || 9 || 4 || 6 ||
 * Banana (8) || 8 || 0 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 4 ||
 * Apple (9) || 9 || 0 || 3 || 6 || 0 || 9 || 4 || 5 ||
 * Ground Beef (6) || 0 || 6 || 1 || 5 || 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 ||
 * Lettuce (7) || 0 || 7 || 1 || 6 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 ||

I was surprised that there was fats in the avocado because avocados are suppose to be healthy because they are fruits. I was also surprised that there were fats in the Cannellini Beans because I thought that they were healthy for you also.

I expected to have sugars in the milk because milk has a sweet taste to it so I expected it to have sugar. I also expected the egg whites to have fats present in it because they egg yolks had fats in it.

I researched milk and I found out that there is much sugar in it. This is why the sugars for milk should have been positive instead of negative. [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk#Nutrition_and_health] [] I also researched peas and found out that one of its higher "ingredients" is sugar. This is why the sugars for the pea should have been positive instead of negative. []

=Enzyme Activity= Go to [] 1. Enzymes are the biological substance that acts as __catalysts__ and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. 2. We can think of enzymes as very specific __locks__ and the compounds they work with are the special __keys__. 3. Copy the 3 diagrams showing the enzyme turning two substrate molecules into product. 4. What is the substrate? The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will attack. 5. We can think of the __active site__ of the enzyme as the keyhole of the lock. 6. During catalysis, the substrate is changed. It could be __broken__ down or __combined__ with another molecule to make something new. 7. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to __normal__; the enzyme is NOT changed when it ‘helps’ a substrate turn into a product!! Click on – __Enz. Regulation__ in the top right banner. 8. Why does temperature affect the enzyme’s activity? Proteins change shape as the temperatures change. Enzyme's activity is based on its shape, so if the temperature changes, it can mess up the process and the enzyme won't work. 9. What do activators do? Activators make enzymes work harder and faster. 10. What does acidity, i.e. pH, do to enzymes? Acidity changes the shape of proteins. 11. What do inhibitors do? Inhibitors slow down or stop the activity of an enzyme. 12. Give two examples of real world inhibitors. Examples of real world inhibitors are snake venom and nerve gas. 13. Copy the 2 pictures of the inhibitor bonding the enzyme and the resulting blockage of the substrate. 14. Have you noticed? The names of most enzymes end in the letters __a__ __s__ __e__.
 * BIO-CHEM ENZYME LESSON**
 * Activity #1**

Go to [] Click on #2 on the list. Click on Animal Cell. Click on Lysosome. 1. What kind of enzyme is found in lysosomes? Hydrolytic enzymes are found in lysosomes. 2. How do white blood cells eat bacteria? In white blood cells, the lysosome contents are carefully released into the vacuole around the bacteria, and they kill and digest the bacteria. 3. If the lysosome releases its contents into the cell in an uncontrolled way, what happens? It can cause death (necrosis). 4. What is the organelle that is responsible for protecting the cell from hydrogen peroxide? Peroxisomes are responsible for protecting the cell from hydrogen peroxide. 5. Peroxisomes contain __oxidative__ enzymes. Click Back. Click on #1 on the list. 6. HIV is viral RNA that is reverse-transcribed into a strand of DNA. Next, it must be inserted into the DNA of the lymphocyte (human white blood cell). What is the name of the enzyme that the virus (HIV) has, which facilitates incorporation of the viral DNA in to the host cell’s (human’s) DNA? Its name is integrase. 7. Scroll down the page. HIV has 9 genes, which code for structural proteins and enzymes like __reverse transcriptase__, __integrase__, and a crucial enzyme called a __protease__. Click Back. Click on #3 on the list. 8. What is the function of viral (HIV) protease? It cuts the long chain into its individual enzyme components. 9. If people are infected with HIV they can take protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors work by blocking the ability of the __protease__ to __cleave__ the viral (HIV) polypeptide into functional __enzymes__. Click Back. Click on #4 on the list. 10. Without reverse transcriptase, the viral (HIV) genome couldn’t become incorporated in the __host__ (human) cell, and couldn’t __reproduce__. 11. If you were a doctor, would you want to improve the function of reverse transcriptase or inhibit the function of reverse transcriptase in an HIV positive patient? Explain. If I were a doctor, I would want to improve the function of reverse transcriptase because without reverse transcriptase, the patient would not be able to reproduce. 12. It is difficult to make a vaccine against HIV because its __surface__ __molecules__ are continually __changing__. Click Back. Click on #7 on the list 13. What is the name of the enzyme that bacteria use to avoid the effect of penicillin? B-lactamase is the name of the enzyme that bacteria use to avoid the effect of penicillin.
 * Activity #2**

=Biomolecules Infographic=



[] [] [] =Food Issues Infographic=
 * Resources:**



[] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food#Health_risks] [] []
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=Photosynthesis Infographic=



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 * Resources:**

=Lab: DNA Extraction from Human Cheek Cells Homework=


 * No, not everyone in my group had the same extraction results. This is because the amount of DNA extracted from our cheeks was all different. Some people had a lot of DNA, while others did not have any DNA. The amount of DNA that I extracted affects my day to day activities because DNA directs the functioning within the cells of my body.**

=**DNA Replication Summary **=

In the first step of DNA replication, an enzyme called helicase binds and breaks apart the DNA into two parts called the leading strand and the lagging strand, which synthesize in different directions. This makes the DNA in the shape of a fork, called a replication fork. Then, a protein keeps strands from binding together, which is called a single stranded binding protein. After that, primase, an enzyme that gives a starting point, binds and forms a starting point in the DNA. Lastly, an enzyme called polymerase binds and replicates the DNA. In the lagging strand, fragments called Okazaki fragments are formed and an enzyme called ligase joins the fragments together. This is how DNA is replicated to be passed on from parent to baby.

=DNA Infographic=



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 * Resources:**

=Diseases of the Cell Infographic=

[] [] [] [] [] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#Risk_factors] [] [|http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/breast-and-ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1#Section_25] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
 * Resources:**

=Fossil Fuels Lab=


 * Weight of Full Cookie**- 26.9 g
 * Coal (Chocolate Chips)-** 1.5 g/ 6%
 * Natural Gas (Butterscotch)-** 2.8 g/ 10%
 * Oil (Cranberries)-** 2.6 g/ 10%
 * Land Left Over-** 17.6 g/ 65%
 * Land Lost During Mining-** 2.4 g/ 9%


 * Questions: **

1. What happened to the land as you mined for the fossil fuels? **As I mined for the fossil fuels, the land started to split and break off.**

2. Were any crumbs spilled on the floor or table? What would this process be called? (the loss of land from one area to another) **Yes, some crumbs were spilled on the floor and table. This process would be called erosion.**

3. What would happen to the plants and animals that lived on land that was mined this way? **The plants and animals that lived on the land that was mined this way would probably die off because the necessities they would need to survive would not be available to them anymore, like food and shelter.**

4. What could be done to reduce the damage to the environment by such mining? **We can stop relying on the fossil fuels that cause this mining. If we do this, we can stop the mining that is needed to get these fuels, and therefore, we can save organisms and reduce the damage to their environment.**

5. If we use less energy, we need less fossil fuel. If we need less fossil fuel, we don't need to do much mining. What can you do to reduce energy use? **I can reduce energy use by walking or riding my bike places instead of driving a car. I can recycle things instead of throwing them away. I can turn off electric appliances when I am not using them. Lastly, I can dry my clothes outside in the sun instead of using the dryer.**