French+Toast+Mafia

flat =Members= Jerad Ryan

=DNA Extraction Lab= 1. The 5 elements that make up DNA are Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus.

2. The function of DNA from day to day is it is the codes that tell the body what to make and how to grow.

3. Long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell by wrapping around the histone inside the nucleus.

4. The purpose of using the cell lysis solution is to break the cell up, so the nucleus is broken which lets us see the DNA.

5. DNA becomes visible once the alcohol is added because DNA is insoluble in the cold alcohol solution, so it wont break up into the solution.

6. We are able to see DNA during this exercise because the cold alcohol slows the enzymatic reactions which would have broken down the DNA into the solution.

7. Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint because our fingerprints are unique to us, just like our DNA. It is almost never the same.

8. DNA is used everyday because new cells are made everyday and DNA is needed for the building of the new cells. DNA is the instructions for making cells.



=DNA Model =



DNA has Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Thymine in it. Guanine and Cytosine is held together by three hydrogen bonds and Adenine and Thymine are held together by two hydrogen bonds. To begin the replication, of course you have to break it apart first. Then these proteins called single stranded binding proteins attach to keep all of the strands from coming together. An enzyme called primase is the starting point. Then an enzyme called polymerase binds and begins to replicate the DNA. There is a leading strand and a lagging strand of DNA. The fragments on the lagging strand are called Okazaki fragments. A new enzyme called ligase binds the Okazaki Fragments together, creating a new, identical strand of DNA. The enzymes that synthesize the new DNA can only work in one direction along the parent DNA molecule. You have the primase and polymerase again. Then you also have ligase, which it binds the fragments together. The leading strand will always go first and then the lagging will follow.

Once our model of DNA unzips, the okazaki fragment is identical to the single stranded molecule. There is a base of adenine, guanine, and cytosine on the single strand, which is identical to the newly made okazaki fragment above it.

Telomeres are the strands of DNA located at the ends of the chromosomes’ ‘X’ shape. When DNA is replicated, the Telomeres are replicated and split instead of the chromosome. The Okazaki fragments are replicated DNA on the lagging strand of a split DNA. They are used because the lagging strand cannot be replicated all at once, so the Okazaki fragments are used so it can be replicated in parts. DNA ligase is the enzyme that binds all the Okazaki fragments into one continuous strand. Telomerase is an enzyme that adds telomere sequences to the 3' end of DNA strands. Telomerase are closely related to cancer. Telomerase has a definite end; meaning when it replicates, you age. Cancer’s telomerase reproduces indefinitely and causes major tissue growth, called tumors. Cloning organisms are now possible because scientists can transplant the nucleus of cells into another organism. This makes exact copies of the organism. Dolly the sheep has been cloned, but had a shorter life span due to shortened telomerase.

=Genetics Infographic=



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= **Medaka Infographic** =

= Diaper Dissection = There were three layers in the diaper we dissected. The two outside layers were to retain water, not absorb it. The middle layer would absorb all the water and the outer layers would hold it in and prevent leakage. We cut a section of 5" by 5" out of the diaper. We then measured a certain amount of water in a graduated cylinder. We predicted the first layer would hold little to nothing, seeing it was very thin. We also thought the middle layer would hold the most. The first and third layers held 2mL of water. The middle section absorbed 110mL. Whenever water came in contact with this layer, the substance in it expanded and started to soften the more water that came into it. We then test the entire diaper and found that it could hold 650mL before the substance started to break apart and fail. Environmental effects of disposable diapers in landfills would be destructive whenever a lot of diapers would be in the same landfill. They would absorb most of the rainfall of that area and cause pollution whenever the diaper itself would fail. It would also be hard to decompose the parts of the diaper over time.