Daisy

=toc Members= Morgan7 Alacs =** DNA Extraction from Human Cheek Cells **= 2. What is the function of DNA from day to day? 3. Describe how long strands of double-helical DNA fit into the nucleus of a single cheek cell. 4. What was the purpose of using the cell lysis solution? 5. Why does the DNA become visible once the alcohol is added? 6. If DNA is so thin, how is it that we are able to see it during this simple lab exercise? 7. Why is DNA referred to as your genetic fingerprint? 8. Give some examples of how DNA is used everyday. =DNA Replication Model Project = Before Replication The first step in DNA Replication is when helicase comes and breaks the hydrogen bonds in DNA. As it breaks apart single stranded binding proteins come and keep the strands from binding back together. In the second step it’s simple the single stranded binding proteins just stay there and keep them from binding together and there is a leading strand which is the strand on the left and the lagging strand which is on the right. In the third step, primase attaches to the hydrogen bond and it gives a starting point to replace the DNA. In the fourth step the polymerase comes in and binds and replicates the DNA. Ligase comes and joins the okazki fragments. The okazaki fragments are there to bind the DNA back together.
 * 1) What are the 5 elements that make up DNA?
 * The 5 elements that make up DNA are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and nitrogen.
 * The function of DNA from day to day is to act like a blueprint, that contain instructions to construct cells, proteins, and RNA.
 * The double strand can fit into the nucleus of a single cell because it wraps itself around a protein called histones to form a structure called nucleosomes.
 * It disrupted the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope, making the cells burst open to release their DNA.
 * DNA becomes visible once the alcohol is added because the DNA is a polar molecule and the alcohol is a non-polar substance. Unlike substances do not dissolve with each other, therefore the DNA is suspended in the solution and is visible.
 * We are able to see DNA in this lab because the alcohol and the lysis separates everything, so the substances do not dissolve and the DNA is all to make it appear bigger.
 * DNA is referred to as your genetic fingerprint because it's often used as evidence in criminal law cases and everybody's DNA is different and so is everyone's fingerprint.
 * DNA is used to solve crimes, to find family relations, to find cures, to find heredity passed diseases, for reproduction, and to find characteristics of a baby.
 * An Overall view:**

DNA replication is important because your body is always producing new cells that require DNA and DNA is the transfer of characteristics from the parent to the offspring, so if it did not occur, you would not exist. Telomeres are located at the end of a chromosome which protect the chromosome. Okazaki fragments bind the DNA back together from DNA ligase and enzyme coming back and helping bind them together. Telomerase adds DNA repeats ( TTAGGG). When cells divide uncontrollably, causing a tumor to grow. The tumor can be cancerous.
 * Related info to DNA**

Transplanted cells is a kind of surgery in which they transplant cells due to life threatening diseases that may be found in your genetics. Cloning can relate to DNA because they take your genetic material to clone it into another one of you but the only way they can do that is by your own genetic material. As you age your DNA stays exactly the same as your birth. Telemeres are important to aging because their steady shrinking could possibly impose on the life span on cells.



First Step This DNA strand is a 9 base paired strand with 3 codons. Three base pairs make a codon. First, the enzyme Helicase must bind the DNA strand and break apart the hydrogen bond. This will create a replication fork. This step is important because the double helix strand is all connected. After the Helicase enzyme splits it, the DNA strands are able to be replicated.

Second Step Second, the single stranded binding proteins attach and keeps strands from coming back together, so there is a separate leading strand and a separate lagging strand. This one step is important because it will not allow the two strands to join together. The replication process would not be able to continue if the leading strand and the lagging strand came back together before it was started.

Third Step The next step starts on the leading strand. The enzyme, primase, gives a starting point to replicate DNA. This enzyme is like the starting gun before a race. If it did not occur, the other steps would not know when to happen. The primase attaches to the leading strand, which is the top strand.

Fourth Step Next, the polymerase binds and replicates DNA. The okazaki fragments are used by the lagging strand. The enzyme, ligase, pins the okazaki fragments and fuses them together. The lagging strand requires the Okazaki fragments because the strand has to wait for the DNA to unravel. =Genetics Infographic= Picture sources: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimples my own picture

=Medaka Story Infograph= =Diaper Dissection= Different Layers and prediction: Actual Function and Amount absorbed: Actual procedure: When we put water on the outside layer, the water just soaked in and did not go through at all. When we put water on the Cotton Layer, the water was immediately absorbed but did leak through a little. Assuming this was the whole diaper, the Outside layer would have caught the water that leaked through. When we put water on the Beady Layer, the water went straight through, it didn't even try to stop it. Our theory is that this layer is to hold the beads in place. When we put water on the soft, inside layer, the water went through, but not as fast.
 * 1) Outside Layer- To be decorative.
 * 2) Cotton Layer- To absorb and be padding
 * 3) Beady Layer- Allows water to go through so it does not sit against the diaper.
 * 4) Soft, inside Layer- To allow comfort and be smooth.
 * 1) Outside Layer- To not let water out of the diaper at all.-5 ml.
 * 2) Cotton Layer- Absorbs super quick, but does let some water out. 5 ml.
 * 3) Beady Layer- Allows water through this layer, does not stop the movement at all. 1 ml.
 * 4) Soft, inside Layer- allows water to come through, but not as fast. 3ml.

Environmental affects: As diapers are thrown into the trash they are then taken to a landfill, still containing feces. Throwing feces into a landfill is illegal but most parents don't know that. Human waste has added to the dangers of bacteria and increases the threat of the bacteria to ground water.

Other observations: We put water on the whole diaper as one. We had a total of 185 ml. and it was still holding.