Team+Earl

flat =Members:=

Rachel S Kaston M Andy F Adam F

=Characteristics Of Woody Stems= 1.Count the sections between bud-scale scars and determine the age of your twig. Our twig is 2 years old. Our twig is 4 years old 2.Has growth in length occurred the same rate each year? No. No 3.Why? The bud-scale scars are different distances apart so this means the growth rate was different each season. This could be a result of the amount of water it received or the climate of the tree that season. 4.Examine your twig and determine how many leaf scars are located at a node. 2 leaf scars. 5.Classify the leaf arrangement as opposite, alternate, or whorled. Opposite. Opposite 6.Examine the twig and determine the number of nodes produced for each growing season (the space between two nodes is called an internode.) 6 nodes are produced in a growing season. 7.Is the same number of nodes produced each growing season? Yes. Yes. 8.Do all the leaf scars have the same number of bundle scars and is the arrangement the same? No not the same number, but the same pattern or arrangement of bundle scars. 9.Describe the form and location of the lenticels. The lenticels are small, scattered, very visible and prominent 10.What is the function of the lenticels? The lenticels function is to take in air. =Thumb Wars Infographic= =Monocots and Dicots=
 * Corn Seed**
 * Bean Seed**
 * Split Pea Seed**

Herbaceous are any plant that makes a new growth from the ground each year. The ground around the growth dies after each season ends. In a cold climate they die. Ex: Monocots: Anthurium and Lily Dicots: Tomato Plants and Marigolds
 * Dicot Slide**
 * Monocot Slide**
 * Herbaceous Stems**

Woody Stems are the plants stem that has been growing for two or more years. It is the main stalk of a shrub. Ex: Monocots: Bamboo tree and Cuban Rural Palm Tree Dicots: Hickory tree and Willow trees
 * Woody Stems**

Resources: [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant] [|http://www.ri.net/schools/Narragansett/NHS/PerDwebpage/woodyst.html] [] [|http://www.memidex.com/day-lily+herbaceous-plant] [] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem#Dicot_stems] =Characteristics of Life Lab=
 * Before:**

The first flask contains water and yeast and was slightly foamy on top. The middle flask contains molasses and water and was still. The third flask contains water, yeast, and molasses and was foaming and moving. All of the flasks bromothymol blue is blue colored.

The data in the one test tube changed because when the carbon dioxide being produced reacted with the bromothymol blue it changed colors to indicate that the carbon dioxide was acidic.
 * Data:**

Analysis/Conclusions:
1. Why did the bromothymol blue change colors when a classmate exhaled into the test tube? 2. What does the production of carbon dioxide gas in the one flask indicate about the yeast? 3. How can you **be sure** that the carbon dioxide gas was produced by the yeast? 4. What does the presence of buds indicate about the yeast? 5. Why were more buds present in one of the mixtures?
 * The CO2 that the classmate exhaled was acidic, which mixed with the bromothymol blue to indicate it was acidic.**
 * It indicates that the yeast was acidic because C6H12O6+6O2--->6CO2+6H2O+36 ATP is the carbon dioxide and glucose turning into energy for the yeast.**
 * In the before picture the bromothymol blue was blue because there was no gases produced yet. When the yeast began to reproduce it left off the gas CO2, which turned the bromothymol blue yellow.**
 * That they are producing asexually using mitosis.**
 * The yeast had sugar to feed on from the molasses. Therefore, they were able to feed more, which resulted in them reproducing.**


 * After:**

There are two examples of budding yeast underneath the arrow pointer. This is when the yeast produces asexually by dividing it's nucleus into two.
 * Budding Yeast:**

=Onion Cell= 1. The onion cell is in a square shape and they are arranged in a line. 2. When we added salt solution to our onion slide the cell wall remained the same size but the cell membrane shrinked because the water was absorbed by the salt so it reduced in size. =Cheek Cell= 1. The cheek cells are shaped circular and are arranged in a scattered around pattern all over. 2. The purpose of adding the Methylene blue to the slide and iodine was to make the slide more clear to see by magnifying it. =Cell Transport= Before: After: These potatoes show osmosis occuring. When the potato soaked in the salt solution the concentration of salt outside of the potato was greater than inside or hypertonic. Because the potato wanted to have equal concentrations water left it to reach this. The result of this is the potato started to look wilted and brown. Before: After: This picture represents diffusion. When the bag filled with starch solution was placed in the tap water and iodine solution the iodine began to go through the cell membrane. The iodine went through the bags semi-permeable membrane the starch solution began to turn purple because it was indicating with the starch.
 * Osmosis**
 * Diffusion**

=Cell Model= =Protist Lab= Stentor: There are about 1.5 stentor's across and they are around 1,000 um each in 10x power. Three facts are the stentor can reach the length of 2 millimeters, they are horn shaped, and they are the largest known unicellular organism. source: []

Spirostomum: There are about two specimens in the field of view and each specimen is about 750 um each in 10x power. Three facts are that they are found in salt and fresh water. They are unicellular and long and worm-like. source: []

Paramecium Multimicronucleatum: There are about 9 specimens per slide and each one is around 167 um each on 10x. Paramecium are that they are found in salt and fresh water. They are common in scums and are unicellular eukaryotes. source: []

=Cell Size Lab=

SA: 3 x 3 x 6 = 54 sq. cm. Volume: 3 x 3 x 3 = 27 cubic cm. SA:V 54/27 SA:V = 2 Diffusion in cube: .5 cm. R=d/t R=.5/10 R=0.05
 * WORK:**
 * 3x3x3x cube**

SA: 2 x 2 x 6 = 24 sq. cm. Volume: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 cubic cm. SA:V 24/8 SA:V = 3 Diffusion in cube: .5 c m. R=d/t R=5/10 R=0.05
 * 2x2x2x cube**

SA: 1 x 1 x 6 = 6 sq. cm. Volume: 1 x 1 x 1 =1 cubic cm. SA:V 6/1 SA:V = 6 Diffusion in cube: .5 cm. R=d/t R=5/10 R=0.05
 * 1x1x1x cube**


 * The agar cubes after being soaked in the sodium hydroxide for ten minutes.**


 * The agar cubes after undergoing diffusion.**


 * Table:**

1. Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half.
 * Analysis:**
 * When we sliced the cubes in half we found the solution diffused the same amount into each cube. The size of the cube affected how much of the inside the solution was able to reach in the ten minute time period.**

2. Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain.
 * Although all the cells diffused at the same rate the smaller cell was more efficient because its size was smaller, the solution was able to diffusion enough to go through the whole cell. The larger cell was least efficient because its size was so big it would take a longer amount of time for the solution to diffuse all the way into the cell.**

3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so?
 * The calculation that explains this is the surface area to volume ratio because it shows that the 1x1x1 cube ratio is 6/1 compared to the 2x2x2 cube, which is 3/1 and 3x3x3 cubes 2/1 ratio. If you compare the 6/1 ratio to the 2/1 ratio it would take longer for the larger cube to have the diffusion reach the inside than the smaller. If you have a cup filled with water with 6 holes in the bottom of it compared to a cup with 2 holes in it more water will come out of the cup with 6 holes. This is like a cell with 6 pores on the outside feeding to one spot compared to a cell with 2 pores outside. The cell with 6 pores would get 3x more in it than the cell with 2 pores.**

4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis. (Remember: Use an If....., then..... statement.)
 * After observing the rate of diffusion in the cubes we found if the cell is smaller then it will be more efficient. A smaller cell diffuses at the same rate as the other ones but things are able to reach the center faster because the size is smaller.**

=**Catalysts Activity**= **2 H2O2 --> 2 H2O + O2**
 * Anylasis:**
 * 1) Write the equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.
 * 1) What large group of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) does catalase belong to? What do members of this group have in common?
 * Catalase belong to the protein group because it is an enzyme which is a protein. Members of the protein group are all used to help things move along. **
 * 1) Is it possible to reuse biomolecules like catalase? Explain.
 * Yes, because enzymes keep being reused unless the have been denaturation or competitive inhibition. **
 * 1) How did the amount of reaction change between room temperature, warm, and cold hydrogen peroxide?
 * The amount of reaction did not change that greatly compared to temperatures. The reactions were all relatively close to the same foods previous reaction. **
 * 1) What happens to an organism if biomolecules like catalase become useless? Explain
 * The organism will not be able to work as quickly and efficiently because these catalase or other things help quickly move things in the cell. Without these the organisms are not able to function as well. **


 * Chart:**

Regular Temp. Cold Temp. Warm Temp. Regular Temp. Cold Temp. Warm Temp. Regular Temp. Cold Temp. Warm Temp. Regular Temp. Cold Temp. Warm Temp. Regular Temp. Cold Temp. Warm Temp.
 * Bean:**
 * Potato:**
 * Ground Beef:**
 * Chicken Liver:**
 * Bean, Potato, Ground Beef, Chicken Liver:**

=How Many Drops of Water can Fit on a Penny?=

Prediction: 17 drops of plain water will fit onto the penny Trials: 1-16, 2-25, 3-22, 4-27 Average amount of drops: 22.5 drops Observations: The water on the penny kept increasing larger to make a bigger bubble of water.
 * Plain water:**

Prediction: 14 drops of water will fit onto the penny Trials: 1-22, 2-21, 3-26, 4-17 Average amount of drops: 21.5 drops Observations: Although there were multiple drops of soapy water on the penny the water bubble did not grow as large or round as the plain water penny.
 * Soapy water:**

=Light Intensity Activity= Data Table: What wave lengths and light intensity creates the most ATP?
 * The best combination for this that we could find was high light intensity and short wave lengths.**

What condition is the best for creating the highest possible amount of ATP?
 * 425 nm and 200 lux reaches 100% ATP**

=Chromatography Lab= Colors: white, light lime green RF value: .5 Pigment Colors: 2

Colors: white, light green RF value: .5 Pigment Colors: 2

Team Flowers: Pigment Colors: yellow, green, yellow/green RF Value: .8, .9, .1 Team Banana Peppers: Pigment Colors: green, yellow RF Value: .25, .75

Leaves have different kinds of chlorophyll and other pigments because in each leaf there is a different pigment color and RF value. The colors of the pigments are different because of the different kinds of leaves. It is evident that there are different kinds of chlorophyll because if every leaf had the same kind there pigment color would also be the same. After observing the results from our team as well as others you can tell that there are different pigment colors and RF values in every leaf.